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iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 1

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

,snr,a udkjjdoh

iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr

isoaOdka; - 1

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

2iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 3

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

iSudiys;

weia. f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda ^mqoa. & iud.u

,snr,a udkjjdoh

iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr

isoaOdka; - 1

m%:u uqøKh - 2015

iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; - 1

,snr,a udkjjdoh

© iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

ISBN 978-955-30-5196-7

mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh(

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wmf.a wdpd¾fhda;a;uwmf.a wdpd¾fhda;a;u

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uydpd¾h iqpß; .ï,;a

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2004 -2006 j¾Ij, ud is¿ñK mqj;am;g jHqyjdoh

ms<sn| ,shQ ,sms lshjQfjda ;ju;a tu úIh lreKq ms<sn| ud

iuÕ fkdfhla jr idlÉPd lr;s¡ th ,xldfõ idys;H

iudchg hï n,mEula lr we;s nj bka yefÕa¡ t f,i l;d

l< wh w;r Èjhsk mqj;am;g iïnkaO úÑ;% jks.fk;a;ss ss s

uy;d o flfkls¡ Tyq ug werhqï lf<a *¾äkkaâ' ä

fidaIsh¾f.a zzfldaia bka fckr,a ,ska.aúiaálaZZ lD;sh isxy,g

mßj¾;kh fldg fldgia jYfhka Èjhsk mqj;amf;a zzjgu~ ,ZZ

w;sf¾lfha m< lsÍug h' tfy;a tu lD;sh jd.a úoHdj úIfhys

jQ iïm%odkhla ksid bka idys;H l,d úpdrhg isÿ jk fufyh

w,am nj uf.a woyi úh¡ idys;H úpdr kHdhka ms<sfj<g

b.ekaùfï Ndú;hla ,xldfõ olskakg ke;¡ úYajúoHd, o

idys;H úpdrlhka fyda ks¾udKlrejka ìyslsÍu úIfhys

t;rï wjOdkhla fkd olajhs¡ tfyhska idys;H úpdr kHdhka

ms<sfj<ska ix.%y lrñka ta flf¾ Wkkaÿjla olajk msßi

ixúOdkh fldgf.k idys;H l,dfõ m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug

W;aidy lsÍu i|yd mqj;amf;a bv fhdod.ksuq hhs uu úÑ;%g

fhdackd lf<ñ¡ fï tu NdrOQr ld¾hfha wdrïNl ,laIh

fjhs¡ fï ,sms fm< Èjhsk mqj;amf;a m< ùfuka miq tys úIh

lreKq bf.kSug fndfyduhla úYajúoHd, isiqka yd

wdpd¾hjre fm,UqKq nj lsj hq;= h¡ Èjhskg l;d fldg

m%ixYd l< wh fndfyda jQ nj úÑ;% ud iuÕ mejiS h¡ ug B-

fï,a tjñka fï mdvïj,g wod< uq,dY% .%ka:j, PDF msgm;a

,nd .;a msßi o fndfyda úh¡

ud ,sms fm< m< lrk w;r;=f¾ ,smsj,g wod< uQ,

lD;sj, msgm;a B-fï,a u.ska ,nd foñka fï ld¾hh wúêu;a

wOHdmk jevigykla fihska lrf.k hk ,È¡ mYapd;a Wmdê

wOHhk lghq;= ksid ta ,sms fmf<ys n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wjidkh

whs' ta' ßpâia

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iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 9

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fmrjok

,snr,a udkjjdoS idys;H Ñka;dj isxy, risl úpdrl

iudcfha fï olajd uOH Odrdj ksfhdackh lrk wdêm;HOdÍ

úpdr Ñka;dj hehs ìhla fkdue;s j lsj yels h¡ cd;Hka;r

jYfhka fuu Odrdj iu;sl%uKh lrkakd jQ l;sld m%fõYhka

.Kkdjla u;= ù" we;eï w¾:fhka iqiudo¾Y fmr<shla isÿ ù,

ld,hla .; j we;¡ tu we;eï m%fõYhka uE; ld,j, §

úoaj;=ka lsysm fofkl= úiska y÷kajd §ug h;ak ord we;¡

tfy;a th isÿjkafka isxy, úpdr iudchg wdfõKsl

iïNdIK úhjq,a ueoafoa h¡ tneúka hglS m%j¾ê; úpdr

m%fõYhka ks¾udKYS,S f,i Ndú;hg ke.Sug iu;a nj

fmkajkafka thskq;a w;f<diails¡ fï ksid idys;H o¾Ykh

ms<sn| uQ, .%ka: iïmdokfha wjYH;dj wvqfjñka ke;¡ fï

ikao¾Nh ;=< Tn w; m;ajk fuu .%ka:h idys;H úpdr

l;sldj ;=<g m%fhdackj;a ueosy;a ùula lrk nj ksiel j

lsj yels h¡

,snr,a udkjjd§ hkqfjka - th mek ke.S l,lg

miqj, tkï 1990 uq, § - úpdrl úoaj;=ka úiska ( wdrïNl

jYfhka uydpd¾h mSg¾ neÍ úiska) - kï flreKq fuu Odrdj

flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,h uq,a fldg tx.,ka;fha ia:dmkh ù

mßmdlhg m;a jkafka 1930-1950 ld,h ;=< h¡ tlS Ñka;k

Odrdj, iudka;r j ,xldj o we;=¿ fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh rgj,

iy bx.%Sish Ndú; lrk rgj, idys;H iudc ;=<g úYajúoHd,

moaO;s yryd wvq jeä fõ.fhka úirKh jqj;a wfkla hqfrdamfha

lghq;= isoaO jkafka tf,i u hehs lsj fkd yels h¡ fï

ld,hg fmrd;=j úl,am úpdr Odrd folla ì%;dkHfha u

idys;H l;sld mßjdrfha u;= ù ;snqKq nj neÍ úiska u olajd

we;¡ tajd kï udlaiajd§ m%fõYh iy ufkda úYaf,aIKd;aul

fj; t<fUkakg fkd yels úh¡ ,snr,a udkjjdoh ms<sn|

fuys m< jk ,sms lsysmh iqúYd, uykaishl m%;sM,hls¡ fï

,sms fm< fmd;la f,i m< lrk fuka b,a,d isá msßi

fndfyda h' ta ish¨ fokdf.a b,a,Su bgq lsÍug fu uÕska yels

úKehs is;ñ¡

wjidk jYfhka fuh lD;shla f,i t<s ±laùu i|yd

fidaÿm;a n,ñka ug iyh ±lajQ iS,jxY ysáydñ" Oïñl

fyajf.a hk fo fidfydhqrkag;a" ukd msgq ieleiaula l<

frdIdka m;srK fidhqrd yd msgljrh l< ks¨mq,a fidhqrdg;a

uf.a lD;{;dj ysñ úh hq;= h¡ úúO Wmfoia foñka ud

Èß.ekajQ uydpd¾h chka; wurisxyhkag yd r;akisß

wrx.,hkag o fuys fmrjok ,shd ÿka wdpd¾h iqks,a

úfÊisßj¾Okhkag o uf.a fkd u| f.!rjh fuys § ysñ úh

hq;= h¡ fuys wka;¾.; lreKq ms<sn| iqks,a úfÊisßj¾Okhka

±lajQ úúO lreKq .%ka:fha fmdaIKh i|yd fnfyúka bjy,a

úh¡ udkjjd§ úpdrh úúO whqßka Ndú; lrk fndfyda msßila

isáh o th ftkaøSh j u Ndú; lrk úpdrlfhl= f,i

wdpd¾h iqks,a úfÊisßj¾Okhka y÷kd .; yels h¡ tfyhska

Tjqkaf.a iïudou fï lD;shg uy;a wdf,dalhla úh¡ m%ldYkh

Ndr.;a foaYnkaOq isßiquk f.dvf.a ue;s÷kag yd uqøK lghq;=

l< p;=r uqøKd,hg;a uf.a ia;=;sh ysñ fõ'

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

f.dak., mqr"

fnkaf;dg yryd'

2014 cQ,s ui 23 jk od'

email - samankari@yahoo.com

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

10 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 11

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

ud¾áka úl%uisxyf.a wyUq §ma;su;a ueosy;a ùï miqìfï

we;af;a Tyq úiska mßYS,s; iuld,Sk ngysr udkjúoHd újdo

miqìfï ;snQ zñksia iajNdjhZ ms<ssn| ,snr,a udkjjd§ mokï

w;sl%uKh lrk iq¿ od¾Yksl l;sldjka iy Tyqf.a yeoEÍug

,la jQ fn!oaO od¾Yksl m%fõYhka úh hq;= hehs wkqudk l<

yels h¡ flfia kuq;a" idOdrK j is;k úg" 1960 .Kka jk

úg mej;s isxy, iïm%odhsl idys;H úpdrfha rduq .ek l,amkd

lroa § tys iSudjka m%idrKh lsÍfï ,d irÉpkaøf.a fufyh

oejeka; m%.;sYS,S iajNdjhla fmkakqï lrk nj wm ms<s.;

hq;= h¡

fï ldrKh i,ld n,k l, ,snr,a o¾Ykh u; f.dv

ke.=kq udkjjdoh úiska udkj h:d¾:h yiq lr .ekSfï

jHdhdufha § fmkajk iSud .ek flá fyda úuiqula lsÍu

mdGlhdg m%fhdackj;a fõ hehs is;sh yels h¡ tkhska th

w;sl%uKh lsÍfï ,d isxy, idys;H úpdr b;sydih ;=< isÿ jQ

we;eï ueÈy;aùïj, iSud iy YlH;d ms<sn| j úpdrd;aul j

yeÍ ne,Sug o wjia:djla újr fõ hehs is;ñ¡

,snr,ajdoh hk jok foaYmd,k Yío fldaIhg msúisfha

19 Y; j¾Ih uq,a Nd.fha h¡ tkuq;a uOHld,Sk Ñka;k

w֧ka ksoyi -wdf,dalh- lrd tkakg msgqn,h iemhQ" udkj

Ôú;h ms<sn| úma,ùh woyia iuqodhhla leá lr.;a

u;jdohla tu.ska iksgqyka jk w;r th Bg fndfyda fmrd;=

j u hqfrdamd mqkreo .¾Nfhka Wm; ,enQ nj fmkS hhs¡

,snr,a iudch tlS kHdfha yeáhg udkj ksoyi rc

lrk iudchla úh hq;= h; kuq;a ksoyi hkq l=ulao" ljr

idOl ksoyia iudchlg Wmia;ïNl fõ o@ ksoyi iy;sl

lrkafka flfia o@ m%j¾Okh lrkafka flfiao¡¡@ Y; j¾I

;=kl muK ld,hla ;siafia fun÷ m%Yak ,snr,ajdoSka w;ru;a"

Tjqka iy fjk;a u;jdo orkakka w;r;a wkjr; újdo ixjdo

i|yd ksñ;s imhk ,È¡

fï m%Yak fkd i,ld hk isxy, idys;H úoaj;=kag

wjdikdjlg jeo.;a hula uÕ yefrhs¡ iEu foaYmd,k

m%fõYhhs¡ reishdkq idys;H l;sld ;=< j¾ê; udlaiajd§

m%fõYhla i|yd 20 jk Y; j¾Ih uq, jk úg u zz.sfhda¾.sma

f,aLdfkdõZZ úiska moku oud ;snqKq w;r" tys .uka uÕ

bx.%Sis l;d lrk f,dalhg fnfyúka fjkia j ,l=Kq úh¡

flfia jqj;a 1960 oYlh t<fUk úg tx.,ka; úYajúoHd,

;=< zkHdhg fmrd;=j jQ kHdhZ f,i neÍ y÷kajk ,snr,a

udkjjd§ flaïì%Ê l;sldj nrm;< f,i wNsfhda.hg ,la

jk nj wms oksuq¡

fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h jkdys isxy, idys;H iudch

kQ;kjd§ bï lrd f.k taug wdrïNfha uÕ fmka jQ úêu;a

Ydia;%d,Sh l;sldjla iïmdokh jQ ia:dkhhs¡ ud¾áka úl%uisxy

úoaj;df.a ku fï iu. ;eìh hq;= uq;a" we;eï úg" fmardfoKsfha

l;sld rduq w;sl%uKh lrk iq¿ ueosy;a ùï Tyq w;ska isÿ jQ

nj igyka lrk w;f¾u" Tyqf.a iïm%odkh wNHka;r

m%;súfrdaO;d iys; wúêu;a njla oerE nj lsj hq;= h¡ tfyhska

Tyqf.ka hula bf.k .ekSu iuld,Sk úoHd¾Ókag myiq

fkd jqKq nj uf.a woyihs¡ .=rel=,hla ìysùug o tneúka

bvla fkd úKs¡ Bg fjkia j uydpd¾h irÉpkaø" flaïì%Ê

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdr moku iu. iïm%odhsl ixialD;

rijdoh tlg .<md fmardfoKs idys;H úpdr m%fõYh bÈ

lf<a h¡ fuh isÿjQfha 1960 oYlfha § hehs i,lk úg

W;am%did;aul is;=ú<s is;g msúiSu je<elaúh fkd yels h¡

ukao" fï hq.h jQ l,S tx.,ka; idys;H l;sldjka ;=< ,snr,a

udkjjdoh wjidk jYfhka ì| jeà h,a mek hñka ;snQ

ld,hhs¡ W;am%dih wêl jkafka irÉpkaø jQ l,S ,kavka

úYaj úoHd,fhka ngysr o¾Ykh ms<sn| yeoEÍï fldg wk;=rej

fn!oaO ufkdaúoHdj wdY%s; m¾fhaIKhla i|yd tys § u wdpd¾h

Wmdêh ,enQ úoajf;la ùu ksid h¡ fï yeoEÍï Odrd fol u

,snr,a udkjjdofha od¾Yksl moku foi úfõpkd;aul j

ne,Sug flfkla fmd,Ujk iq¨h; th w;sl%uKh lr úl,am

Ñka;d mokula boslr.ekSug fï Odrd fol u msgqjy,a lr.;

yels h¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

12 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 13

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fkd jk njhs¡ ,snr,ajdoh ;=< ksoyi fï ksid w¾:

.ekafjkafka iDKd;aul wdldrhg h' tkï mqoa.,hd

iudcfhka ksoyi ,nd .ekSula jYfhks¡

udlaiajdoh iudcfha ziajNdúl ;;a;ajhZ iy zúhqla;

ukqIH iajNdjhZ ms<sn| ,snr,a u;h m%;slafIam lrhs¡

udlaiajdoh fmkajdfokafka fulS ixl,am u.ska OfkaYajr

l%uhg yqfola wdfõKsl iudc iïnkaO;d iuqodhla

iajNdúllrKh lsÍu Tiafia tajd iqcd; flfrk njhs¡ tfia

u ,snr,a o¾Ykh ( fndfyda úg h;dkqN=;jdofha - positivism

ìysfodßka u;=jk) u; mokï jk ksoyi ms<sn| ixl,amhg

iy tu udkjjdohg úl,am udkjjdohla udlaiajdoh úiska

u;=lrkq ,nhs¡ tl mfilska th" ukqIH iajNdjh úhqla; j

.; fkd yels h" th iudc in|;dj, iajNdjh u.ska

;;ajdfrdamKh jkafkah" hkqfjka lshd isáhs¡ tfy;a wksla

w;ska zúYaùhZ ñksia iajNdjhla ms<sn| neÆ ne,aug

m%;súfrdaOd;aul woyila o udlaiajd§ o¾Ykh ;=< mj;S; thska

lshefjkafka ukqIH j¾.hdf.a ks¾ndê; ixj¾Okh iy;sl

lrkakd jQ fmdÿ øjHuh wjYH;d iuqÉphla we;s nj;a" tfuka

u nqoaêuh iy ks¾udKd;aul j¾Okh i|yd YlH;d

iïuqÉphla ukqIHhd úiska fmdÿfõ ord isák nj;a h¡ fï

wkqj ukqIH iajNdjh ikao¾Nhg idfmalaI jk w;r" th

ks¾Kh jkafka iudc ;;a;ajdfrdamKh iy udkj YlH;d

w;r ixlS¾K ohf,la;sl l%shdj,shla weiqre fldgh" hkakhs

udlaiajd§ woyi jkafka¡ ukqIHhd zukqIHfhlaZ ùug wod<

jk udkj wjYH;d" OfkaYajr iudc iïnkaO;d u.ska

w¾nqohg hjk w;r tajd mßydkshg m;a ùu yryd iudc

mrdfrdamKh isÿjk njo, th iudc ÿlaLfha uQ, fya;=j jk

w;r th ziajNdúlZ;;a;ajhla fkd jk nj o udlaiajd§

udkjjd§ iïNdIKh úiska ;jÿrg;a úfõpkd;aul j fmkajd

fohs¡

ukqIH;ajh iy udkj wjYH;d ms<sn| udlaia úiska

wrUk ,o l;sldj fï jk úg kQ;kjd§ od¾Yksl rduqj

w;sl%uKh lrñka j¾Okhg ,la j we;¡ WodyrK jYfhka

u;jdohla u miqìfï we;s mokï m%Yakhla jkafka ñksia

iajNdjh jgyd .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| od¾Yksl .eg¨jhs¡

iEu idys;H o¾Ykhl u iajNdjh uQ,sl jYfhka ks¾Kh

jkafka th miqìfï w;HjYHfhka mj;sk foaYmd,k

u;jdofhka yd tkhska" hg lS mokï m%Yakhg ms<s;=re ,efnk

wdldrhg idfmalaIj h¡

,snr,ajdoh ;=< mqoa., ksoyi iy ksoyia iudchla

ms<sn| woyi ixl,am.; flfrkafka ukqIHhd jkdyS ;d¾lsl

ukila iys; i;a;ajfhls hk uQ,sl úYajdih u; msysgd h¡

^fu;ek § wms jyd u igyka lr.; hq;= jkafka" tu úYajdihg

tk flfkl= úiska Bg mQ¾jfhka ukqIH iajNdjh ;=< úhqla;

j .; yels lsishï idrhla ixl,am .; lr .ekSu wjYH

flfrk njh& tfy;a" WodyrKhlg .kafka kï" ukqIHhd

jkdys je<lsh fkd yels Ñ;a;dfõ.j,ska o W;afm%arKh ù

p,kh jkafka hehs hfula ms<s.;fyd;a ,snr,ajdofha od¾Yksl

mokï fi,fjkakg mgka .kS¡ ,snr,ajdoSyq fun÷ ;;a;ajhla

we;ehs we;eï úg Ndr.;a;;a" ukqIHhd ;ukag wjYH foa

ks¾Kh lr .ekSug wjidk jYfhka .;a l, iu;a jkafka

hehs o" wjia:dj ,efnkafka kï iajNsu;d¾:h i|yd il%sh

úh yels iajNdjhla orkafka hehso úYajdi lr;s¡ we;a; jYfhka

ukqIHhd W;afm%arKh lrk m%Odk idOlh jkafka ,snr,ajdoSka

olsk wdldrhg iajNsu;d¾:h (self interest) hs¡ kuq;a fï lshQ

iajNsu;d¾:h o fndfyda úg Tjqkag fmfkkafka ikao¾Nfhka

f;dr j .;a úhqla; m%mxphla f,ig h¡ flfia kuq;a

,snr,ajdoSka w;ru fï ldrKh iïnkaOfhka tlsfklg

fjkia u; Odrd mj;S¡

flfia kuq;a ukqIHhd iy ksoyia iudchla ms<sn|

,snr,ajd§ woyia ud,dj uOHld,Sk w÷ßka t<shg tkakg

Woõ úh¡ th nq¾Iqjd wd¾Ól kHdhg moku imhñka OfkaYajr

l%uh ia:dmkh ù ;yjqre ùug o Woõ úh¡

,snr,ajdofha ixl,amSh mokï ms<sn| úêu;a úfõpkhla

uq,ska u bÈlf<a udlaiajdoh hs¡ th fmkajd ÿkafka ukqIH

meje;afï iudchSh iajNdjh ,snr,a Ñka;khg f.dapr

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

14 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 15

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

oeka fuu fmrjok wdrïNfha § uZúiska i|yka lrk

,o fmardfoKsh úpdr ud¾.h flf¾ Tfí wjOdkh kej;

u|lg b,a,ñ¡ uydpd¾h irÉpkaø úiska wkqhk ,o úpdr

m%fõYh iy th úfõpkh lrñka uydpd¾h iqpß; .ï,;a

m%uqL udlaiajd§ úoaj;=ka ueosy;a jQ whqr .ek flá fyda igykla

;eîu fuu fmd; mßYS,kh lrk úoHd¾Òka yg m%fhdackj;a

fõ hehs is;ñ¡

irÉpkaø úiska m%j¾Okh flreKq idys;H l,d úpdr

ud¾.h ,snr,a udkjjd§ l=,lhg myiqfjka we;=¿ l< yels

nj" idys;H iy m%ix. l,djka ms<sn| Tyqf.a m%lg Ydia;%Sh

.%ka: lsysmh" ,sms f,aLk iy m%isoaO foaYk u| úuiSulg ,la

lsÍfuka b;d myiqfjka fmkajd osh yels h¡ fï w;ßka wod<

m%Yakh ms<sn| j ksYaÑ; ks¾jpkhla imhk tla uQ,dY%hla

u;la l< yels h¡ th kï uydpd¾h ta¡ fÊ¡.=Kj¾Ok úiska

iïmdos; uydpd¾h irÉpkaø f.a kdgH l,d kHdh w,<d Tyq

iuÕ lrk ,o úia;rd;aul idlÉPdjhs¡ fuh The Drama

Review (TDR ) kue;s m%lg cd;Hka;r jdßl iÕrdfõ" 1971,

jika; (springissue, 1971) l,dmfha m< úh¡ fuu l,dmh

wdishdkq kdgH l,dj fjkqfjka úfYaIfhka fjka flreKq

w;r tys wdrdê; ixialdrl jQfha uydpd¾h .=Kj¾Okhs ¡( fuu

,smsfha m%udKj;a isxy, mßj¾;khla 1987 m< jQ

zúuxidZirÉpkaø Wmydr .%ka:fha olakg ,efí) ¡ zf,dalfha

fY%aIaG;u kdgH mj;akd iudc jHqyhka iy foaYmd,k l%uhka

wNsNjd i¾jld,Sk-i¾jfN!ñl úYaj idOdrK udkj

;;a;ajhka .fõIKh l<Z nj Tyq fuys ,d lshd isák w;r

zñksia in|;dj, ikd;k iy úYaj idOdrK .eg¨ muKlaZ

ish kdgH lD;Ska i|yd f;aud jQ nj ;jÿrg;a úia;r lrhs¡

uydpd¾h .=Kj¾Ok fuys § zmjq, flakaø lr.;a úYaj idOdrK

in|;dZ hkqfjka hula ixl,amkh lsÍu ksjeros o" mjq,a

in|;d jQ l,S lsishï iudc -wd¾Ól ikao¾Nhlg wkql+,

jkafka fkd fõ o hk m%Yakh ksrdl+, f,i k.k uq;a" th

uÕyer hk irÉpkaø" zndysr ;;a;ajhka .ek ish kdgHj, §

;ud Wkkaÿ fkd jk njZ yqfola mjihs¡

.;fyd;a Ñ,s cd;sl m%lg úoajf;la jk ueka*afrâ uelaiakS*a

f.a zuQ,sl ñksia wjYH;dZms<sn| fiùï iy udkj ixj¾Okh

ms<sn| f.dvke.Sï ,snr,a udkjjdofha od¾Yksl mokï háka

u ì| fy,k w;r ixj¾Okh ms<sn| woH;k kj ,snr,a u;

fuka u tys udkj úmdl" kHdhsl fuka u m%dfhda.sl jYfhka

úfõpkh lsÍu i|yd uyÕ= w;aje,la fjhs¡

t fuka u ukqIH iajNdjh ms<sn| uQ, fn!oaO od¾Yksl

woyia iy" tajd o weiqre fldg woH;kfha u;= ù f.dv

kef.ñka mj;sk zidudkH moaO;s kHdhZ (general systems

theory) u.ska ,snr,a udkjjdofha od¾Yksl mokï mq¾K

jYfhka ksfYaOkh l< yels nj fï jk úg meyeos,s h¡ b;d

fláfhka olajkafka kï" ñka fhdackd flfrkqfha fN!;sl"

ffcj fuka u iudchSh f,dal i;a;djka fjk fjku;a

fmdÿfõ;a" tajdfha zwvx.=Z lsisÿ ixrplhla fjk u .; fkd

yels" yqol,dj fkd mj;sk" wfkHdakH Ndjhl fj<S mj;akd

moaO;Ska jYfhka mj;sk nj h¡ ta w;r fulS moaO;Ska iaÓ;sl

iajNdjhla fkd or;s" tajd laIqø uÜgïj, isg ufyalaI uÜgï

olajd mj;skafka w;Hka; .;sl iajNdjhlsks¡ fï wkqj il,

Ôú;h .;sl zwka;¾ZNdjhl .s,S mj;S¡ fï ksid fjk u .;

yels idrhla lsisÿ ;ekl b;sß fkd fjhs¡ mqoa.,fhla f,dfjka"

wfkldf.ka fjka fldg fjk u .; fkd yelsh¦ bkafka

zwka;¾Z mqoa.,hka h; NdIdjla" iïm%odhla fyda ixialD;shla

jqj fukhska yqol,d" wfkla tajdhska fjkafldg fjk u .;

yels m%mxp fkd fj;s; tajd wka;¾ -iy .;sl- iajNdjfhka

hqla; h¡ túg fjk u .; yels" fkd fjkia jk" jeiqKq

^idod ksu jQ& mqoa., fyda cd;sl fyda fjk;a tn÷ idrhla

ukqIH Ôú;h iïnkaOfhka b;sß fkd fõ¦ ish,a, zwka;¾Zh¡

ikao¾Nhka o zwka;¾Zh¡ .;sl h¡ fuhska flfkl=g myiqfjka

fmfkkq we;af;a" ta u. Tiafia hñka ukqIH iajNdjh ms<sn|

,snr,a kHdh muKla fkd j ta wdY%s; j j¾Okh jQ iudc

vdúkajdoh jeks m%;s.dó u;jdo úfYaI fuka u" ish¨ wdldrfha

cd;sljdo iy wd.ïjdo mjd tajdfha od¾Yksl uQ,hka jYfhka

u mQ¾K úfõpkhlg ,la l< yels njhs¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

16 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 17

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

hkak .eg¨ iys; nj uu is;ñ¡ fuu lD;sfha jvd;a iM,odhS

idlÉPdjla olakg ,efnkafka tys tk ukqIHhd iy iudch

ms<sn| ú.%yh ;=< h¡ kuq;a l=;=y,ckl foh kï t;ekska

wf;a ÿßka ;sfnk zñksia idrhZms<sn| od¾Yksl m%Yakh" fyj;a

zikd;ksl id¾jfN!ñl úYajidOdrK ñksia idrhla Zms<sn|

m%Yakh foig Tjqka fhduq fkd ùuhs¡ isxy, idys;H úpdr

l;sldjkag wod< j mqfrda.dó udlaiajdoS úpdrlhska f,i

ie,flk iqpß; .ï,;a fyda mshiS,s úfÊ.=Kisxy Nr;uqKsf.a

ri kHdh" ke;fyd;a irÉpkaøf.a Nr;uqKs md¾Yajh lsis

úfgl;a úfõpkd;aul úpdrhlg yiq fkd lf<a ukao hkakg

tla;rd fya;=jla oeka meyeos,s ù we;ehs is;ñ¡ tf,i u

.ï,;af.a we;eï f,aLk iy foaYk ;=< zld,h yryd fkd

úheflk lsishï ia:djr udkjjdoS yrhla wvx.= idys;H mÀ;

.ek lshfjkafka ukao hk ldrKh o oeka meyeos,s ù we;ehs

is;ñ¡

l,dfõ iudc ld¾hNdrh" jvd;a ksYaÑ; j lshkafka

kï udkj úuqla;sh yd ine|s l,dfõ ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| oshqKq;r

l;sldjla ;=< Nr;uqKsf.a úhqla; zúYaùhZia:dhs Ndj fjkqjg"

ikao¾Nh iuÕ ixlS¾K f,i iïnkaO jk - mj;akd l,dj o

ikao¾Nfha ixrplhla f,i i,lk úg th ksid o - fmdaIKh

fyda ÿIKh úh yels ñksia yeÕSï ixlS¾Khla ms<sn| woyila

b;d m%;sM,odhs f,i ixl,amkh l< yels nj meyeos,s h¡

tkuq;a irÉpkaøf.a udlaiajdoS úpdrlhska tjeks osYdjlg o

fhduq jQ njla fmfkkafka ke;¡

fï lreK u uq,a fldg ,d,a yEf.dv lsú÷ka fj; ud

úiska ,shk ,o lúhla mdGl úkaokh i|yd fuys nyd fuu

fmrjok ksud lrñ¡

lsú f.dú mk;

( ,d,a yEf.dv lsú÷kag )

jeroshs Nr; uqks"

Ndjf,dalh uy lÊclao"

yß kï Tyq" túg

;sßika-ñksia j. w;r

fuu idlÉPdj ;=< úpdrlfhla f,i ,snr,a udkjjd§

o¾Ykh flf¾ jQ ;udf.a keUqrej irÉpkaø úiska fy<slrkjd

muKla fkdj thska tu úpdr m%fõYfha nrm;< iSudjla o

tljr ,l=Kq lrhs; irÉpkaø l,dlrejdf.a úYsIaG kdgH

lD;Ska iuld,Sk iudc ikao¾Nh iuÕ mj;ajk .eUqre iy

úplaIK iïnkaOh flf¾ irÉpkaø úpdrlhd imqrdu wkaOh!

Tyq ;udf.a kdgH ;=< i¾jld,Sk - i¾jfN!ñl f,i olsk

udkj in|;d i;H jYfhka u Tyq ðj;a jQ ld,fha isxy,

uOHu mka;sl ikao¾Nh weiqre lr .;af;a fjhs¡

fmardfoKsh .=rel=,fha úpdr moaO;sh ;=<g .eg¨jlska

f;dr j wdÖ¾K l,amsl

Nr;uqKs

ri kHdh wjfYdaIKh

lr.; yels jkafka ukqIH iajNdjh ms<sn| j úpdrl irÉpkaø

wkqhk Wla; ,snr,a udkjjdoS wia:dkh ksid h¡ ukao h;a"

Nr;uqKs

f.a ukqIHhd o ikao¾Nh bosßfha fkd fjkia jk

ia:djr idrhlska hqla; h¡ fuu idrfha tla me;a;la ukqIHhd

jkdyS ia:dhs Ndj moaO;shlska ix,laIs;h" hk ixl,amfhka

ksfhdackh fõ¡ uq¿ ri kHdh u Nr;uqKs bos lrkafka ukqIHhd

ms<sn| fï lS wdia:dkh u; mokï fjñks¡ ( ud¾áka úl%uisxy

Nr;uqKsf.a ia:dhs Ndj .ek flá W;am%did;aul úfõpkhla

jrla ,shd m< l< uq;a fmardfoKsfha lsisfjla ta .ek wjOdkh

fhduq l< njla fkd oksñ) ¡

irÉpkaøf.a úpdr ud¾.h ms<sn|j" NdIdj jYfhka .;a

l, zidyislZf,i kï l< hq;= úfõpkd;aul úpdr l;sldjla

bÈ l<" wmf.a udlaiajd§ úpdr l=,lfha wjOdkhg yiq jQ

ixl,amSh m%Yak fuka u wjOdkhg yiq fkd jQ wvúh o uf.a

woyfia yeáhg l=;=y,ckl h¡ fuu úfõpkd;aul ueosy;a

ùï w;=ßka jvd;a úêu;a .fõIKhla ud is;k wkaoug olakg

,efnkafka lS¾;s nd,iQßh iy iqpß; .ï,;a f.a iu -

l¾;D;ajfhka 1986 § m< jQ z

l,amkd f,daljdoh" idys;H

l,d yd udlaiajdoh

Z.%ka:fha hs¡ l;=jr fom, m%Odk jYfhka

fuys ,d W;aiql jQfha irÉpkaø ;ukag fjkia j f,dalhg

t<fUkafka zú{dkjdosfhlaZf,iska h hkqfjka Tmamq lsÍug

h¡ ta ksid irÉpkaøf.a úpdr ud¾.fha úm¾hldrl Yla;sh

ySk jkafka flfiaoehs fmkajkakg Tjqka fl;rï iu;a jQfha o

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

18 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 19

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

jefvkak;a ;re lrd wyig

jefgkak;a w÷re m;a<g

bÈka" yelsh ñksia yolg¡

w;g fkd jefÜ ñksi;anj by<ska"

Wmhd .; hq;=hs th wm"

ñksialu hkq oeßh hq;=

j.lSula h udkj¡

fkd okakd yeÕ=ï f,djlg

wä mdrla h lúh bishqï"

;ud" wfkld" fidndoï osks;sh .ek

iykqlïms; ishquq yo ;;a

ieÿuhs lúfh ldßh¡

mqrka jQ yo l=Uqre iSid wiajoaokak

lsú f.dú rcqks

tkak lú k.=, yd yeÕ=ï ìcq mei f.k¡

uq,dY% (

1. irÉpkaø ,tosßùr ^1987&

l,amkd f,dalh" ixfYdaê; 4 jk uqøKh"

fld<U" f.dvf.a¡

2. irÉpkaø , tosßùr ^1968& idys;H úoHdj " kj ixialrKh" 2 uqøKh"

fld<U( f,ala yjqia¡

3. irÉpkaø idr ix.%yh ^ixia& .,ysáhdj" mS¡ì , O¾uodi" fla¡tka¡´

^1993& rcfha uqøK ixia:dj

4. nd,iqßh' lS¾;s¡" .ï,;a" iqpß; ^1986&

l,amkdf,daljdoh idys;H

l,d yd udlaiajdoh"

fld<U( f.dvf.a¡

5. úfÊ.=Kisxy" mshiS,s¡" ^1987&

kQ;k isxy, idys;H úpdrh( udlaiajdoS

wOHkhla

"

ixksfõok m%ldYk¡

6. Gunawardena, A.J. (Ed.) (1971)Traditional Theatre Methods and Modern

Stage, TDR (spring issue)

7. Sandel, Michael (1992) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice . Cambridge

Uni. Press¡

8. Wolfe, Alan (2009) The Future of Liberalism . New York: Random House¡

9. Hammond, Debora,(2003)The Science of Synthesis - exploring the social

implications of General Systems Theory, Colorado Uni. Press

10. Macy, Joanna (1991) Mutual Causality in Buddhism and General

Systems Theory, State Uni. of NY Press. - wdpd¾h iqks,a úfÊisßj¾Ok

tfyu fjkila ;sfíú o"

jeroshs Nr; uqks"

uyre lúhl ú|skafka wms ri o ?

Ndjhl Èú flá h" yß flá h

uq,a ke;s j,d fuka

wyi yryd Èj hk

Ndj ukfia u;=j ñhefohs"

iq<Õska bmfokd fuka r< osh u;

hulska bmso" th ke;s úg ke;s fjhs¡

yeÕ=ï-ld,h os.hs tkuqÿ"

Èú .uk ;=< jrla bmoS

fl<jr f;la u jqj hd yelshs

mßKduh fjñka fkla uqyqKq .ksñka"

fudarñka" fyda msßfyñka¦

ySkhlj;a Nr; fkd ÿgqj

yeÕ=ï fl;hs ñksi;anj Och¡

Ndj îc f.kdj;a

WmÈkakeye wms yeÕ=ï yd"

jefvkjd tajd wm ;=<

fyñ fyñka ;u ;ukaf.a rgd Tiafia

;=re ,;d yefokjd fuka fmdf<dj u;"

ld," in|;d" w;aoel=ï ikao¾Nh

foaY.=Kh jdhqf.da,h iosishs

yeÕ=ï f.duq uq,a oud ,sh,k yo wrKg.

úh<s l;rl lgq mf;dla ñi"

;=Õ= ;=re" ,shu~q¨ fkd yefohs"

ñg fudf<dj f.k iyc orefmï

ñksia ujla Wmkakd kï

úislrdú o ì,s÷ w.=jg ?

yeÕ=ï chip yfoa iúl<

frdfndajre fkdj wms jdikdjg

yeÕ=ï f,dj È. m<,

fumuK hehs kshu ke;

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

20 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 21

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

m%fõYh

isxy, idys;H úpdrh È.= b;sydihla we;a;ls¡ th

fldf;la È.= ± hs ksYaÑ; j lsj fkd yels ;rï fõ¡ úpdr

b;sydih iS.sß .Sfhka o tmsgg .sh È.= hg.shdjlg Wreulï

lsh hs¡ tla iS.sß iS.sß

iS.sß iS.sß

iS.sß .Shl fufia ±lafõ(

—is;kafkd cq fj;a - isßn¾ks ukaoa .kakdhq

f;dm kqhqka udfk,a - iÕ< yha ißl< hqkaa ZZ

^191 .Sh - uqÈhkafia" kkaofiak ^ixia&(1963(185&¡

f;dmf.a fo wei udfk,a u,a folla jeks hhs is;k

wh o we; - hkafkka oelajQ lsú woyi fnd,a tlla fia

i,lk fï úfõplhd Ñrd.; Wmudj fkd bjihs¡ fï ;j;a

tjeks u úpdrhls¡

—wf;la yef. ^n&Ü fiaha -uy.e,e T,uUQhqla fiaha

t fjha ÿ msms ,áf.d< - .uisjmha ú Wola jha ˜

^105 .Sh -uqÈhkafia" kkaofiak ^ixia&(1963(131&¡

fï lúhd o fy<d olskqfha wkqldrl lú uÕ hs¡ iS.srs

ldka;djf.a w; .,l t,af,k u,a oulg Wmud l< lúhd

.ï isõmdjl= jeks h hs Tyq lshhs¡ l=fõrf.a wd,lukaodfjys1

Ñ;%s; wmairdjka ms<sn| kka úh;=ka úiska lrkq ,en we;s

úpdr wkH úpdrlhkaf.a meiiqug;a .eryqug;a ,la j ;sfí¡

tajd ish,a, Ñrka;k isxy, idys;H úpdrfha ux i,l=Kq fõ¡

uyd lú

l,sl,a i jeks

ksrs÷ka ish lõisMñfKyslõisMñfKys

lõisMñfKyslõisMñfKys

lõisMñfKys § ri

o;=fjda ÿ,n nj lS h¡

—iriú ne¨ufila - ksfj;ajd lsú fofkda

fmfoys riyõ ú÷kd - fofk;d b;d ÿ,fnda ˜

^2 .Sh - wdßhmd, ^ixia&1994(2&

mgqk

msgqj

ye|skaùu 7

fmrjok 9

m%fõYh 21

1 mßÉfþoh - bx.%Sis Ydia;%d,h yd idys;H úpdrh 37

2 mßÉfþoh - úpdrjdo yd úpdrlfhda 43

3 mßÉfþoh - weßiafgdag,a isg t*a ¡ wd¾ f,úia olajd 55

4 mßÉfþoh - ,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdrfha ksudj

fkdfyd;a zzúpdr kHdhkaysZZ iïm%dma;sh 69

5 mßÉfþoh - zziïm%odhZZ ixl,amh yd Ndú;h 75

6 mßÉfþoh - fn!oaO udkjjdoh 98

Wm .%ka:h I 106

Wm .%ka:h II 113

Wm .%ka:h III 119

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

22 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 23

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

idys;H úpdrfha werUqu hs¡ bka wk;=re j fÊïia o w,aúia

mç ;=udf.a iso;a iÕrd bx.%Sis mrsj¾;kfhys4 ye¢kaùu mdol

fldg weú<S .sh fo jk iõi;aoï jdoh f,aLlhkaf.a l=,

f.d;a mjd lshd nek w~ .idf.k fl<jr jQ úpdr jdohls¡

lõñKs fldf~ d, jdoh" Kk<, jdoh ^1902 &" .=;a;s,jdoh

^1907&" wdÈh o fu jeks u idys;H úpdrh ÈhqKq l< jdo fõ

^ú;drK" 2004&¡

bka wk;=re j idys;H úpdrh ms<sn| úúO ks¾Kdhl

l%ufhka ks¾udKh ùu werôK¡ jdi,uqo,s ví,sõ ¡ t*a ¡

.=Kj¾Ok" l=udr;=x. uqKsodi m%uqL fy, yjq," mshodi isrsfiak"

YS%u;a ã¡ î ¡ ch;s,l " je,súáfha fidar; ysñ " hlalvqfõ yd

lsßj;a;=vqfõ kdhl ysñ fo ku" fikr;a mrKú;dk" we;=¿

;j;a .sys meúÈ m~ qjka /ilf.a odhl;ajfhka fï wjêfha §

idys;H úpdr iïNdIKh fmdaIKh úh¡ Tjqka wkqo;a uÕ

udkjjd§ tlla nj od¾Yksl ú.%yhlg ,la l< úg fmkS

hhs¡ we;eï ;kays Tjqkaf.a úpdr Ndú;h ;=< kQ;kjd§ ,laIK

o ±lsh yels h¡ fndfyda fihska fn!oaO Ñka;kh yd fmrÈ.

idys;H úpdr ixl,am fhdod .;a fï úpdrl msßi yrh w;ska

udkjjdÈfhda jQy¡

hqfrdamSh ±kqu mdol fldg f.k ìys jQ ksoyia udkjjd§

úpdr l%uhla m%:ufhka ,xldj ;=< ia:dms; lrk ,oafoa ud¾áka

úl%uisxy55

55

5 úisks¡ tu ±kqï YdLdj fmardfoKs .=rel=,h úiska

iSud;sl%dka; f,i j¾Okh lrk ,È¡ tÈßùr irÉpkaø

,dxflah

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdr Odrdfõ mßiudma;s ,laIh fõ¡6

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdrfhka kQ;kjd§ úpdrhg t<öu

iksgqyka jkqfha udlaiajd§ úpdr Ndú;fha iïm%dma;sfhks¡

iudcjd§ h:d¾:jdoh f,i .efkk ta 'ù iqrùr " lreKdfiak

ch,;a" mrdl%u fldä;=jlal= wd§ ^ck;d f,aLl fmruqK&

úpdrl msßilf.ka tla w;lska o wfkla w;ska fg%dÜialsjd§

iïm%odh úma,jjd§ fldñhqksiaÜ ix.ufhaaaa a ueÈy;a ùfuka o

j¾Okh úh¡ bka m%p,s; u úpdrlhka jQfha iqpß; .ï,;aa aa a

yd

mshiS,S úfÊ.=Kisxy hs¡ ta¡ù' iqrùrhka iudcjd§ h:d¾:jdofhka

Tíng .uka lrñka idys;H úpdrh úIfhys iqúi,a

iriúhf.a weia fldkska ne,Sfukq;a ckfhda lsú

fj;ajd" tfia jqj o moHfhl riyõ okakd ckfhda b;d ÿ,n

fj;s" hkq tys woyi hs¡ fuf,i idys;H úpdrh yd ne÷Kq

WodyrK idys;H jxYh mqrdjg u yuq fõ¡ thska .uH jkqfha

isxy, idys;H úpdrh o úúO wdldrhkaf.ka b;sydih mqrd u

mej;s nj hs¡

hqfrdamSh wdl%uKj,ska tf;la mej;s Ñrka;k idys;H

yd úpdr iïm%odh .s,syS .sh miq kej;;a idys;Hfha yd úpdrfha

ke.Sula we;s jQfha ud;r idys;H wjêfhys h¡ tu wjêh kj

iïNdjH wjêh f,i úpdrfha § ye¢kaúh yels h¡ th iïNdjH

wjêfha úpdrfha u h<s bm§ula jk ksid tfia ye¢kajQfjñ¡

ví,sõ¡ t*a¡ .=Kj¾Okhka .=;a;s, ldjHh úpdrhg ,la lsÍug

ful,ays Ndú;hg f.k we;af;a o merKs úpdrfha jQ w,xldr"

Pkaoia yd jHdlrK hk uQ, YslaId ;=k hs¡ Tjqka úpdrfha §

Ndú; l< f,dal ±lau wd.ñl yslaóulska hq;= udkjjdohls¡

tfy;a th ,snr,a udkjjdohla fkd fõ¡ tu wjêfha § fmrÈ.

yd foaYc Ñrka;k iïm%odhkaf.ka uqla; j kQ;k;ajh fj;

l%ufhka idys;H Ndú;hka .uka lsÍu ±lsh yels h¡ tl,ays

wmg yuq jk m<uq idys;H úpdrlhd mQcH ñysßmekafka

Oïur;k

ysñhka h¡ l%s¡j¡1806 W÷jma ui oS rÑ; .x.d frdayK

j¾Kkdfõ tk zziir irK iõi;aoïZZ 2 hk ;=ka .Kfhys

uq, ueo w. —wl=re˜ ixfhda.fhka isoaO jkafka —irï˜ o

—iroï˜ o hk .eg¨j wdY%fhka tu úpdrh m%ldY úh¡ Pkaoia

Ydia;%fhys —wl=rla˜ jYfhka .efkkafka fydaäfha wl=rla

fkd j ^¨yq fyda .=re& ud;%djla ksid l;=jrhd lS whqre

ixfhda.fhka isoaO jkafka —iroï˜ njg Wkajykafia bÕs

mEfõ" ;uka ta muKskaj;a m%ldYkhla lf<a —ldf.aj;a jrola

lshkakg lula we;af;a ke;ehsZZ o okajd isáñks ^ú;drK"

2004(327&' f;dauia iurÈjdlr Èidkdhlhka úiska Bg hjkq

,enQ ms<s;=frka ish jro jHx.fhka ms<sf.k we;s fihla

fmkqKs¡3 Bg h<sÿ ms<s;=re ,shk Oïur;k ysñfhda ish u;h

;yjqre fldg ia:djr lr;s¡ fuu lú jdoh tf;lska ksu jk

w;r th m<uq iõi;aoï jdoh f,i kï lsÍu WÑ; h

^l=udr;=x.¡"1933(10-13&¡ fï wjia:dj kj iïNdjH wjêfhys

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

24 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 25

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

kj iyY%lfha iuld,sl úpdrl mrmqr w;r m%Odk

jQfjda ,shkf.a wurlS¾; s" iuka úl%udrÉÑ" ta'ù' iqrùr" úu,a

Èidkdhl" tßla b,hmamdrÉÑ" wdßhjxY rKùr" fviaukaâ

u,a,sldrÉÑ" iqks,a úfÊisßj¾Ok rxð;a fmf¾rd" ysksÿu iqks,a

fifkú" Ñka;l rKisxy" fiak f;darfoKsh" fiamd,a wurisxy"

fla' fla' iuka l=udr" l=,;s,l l=udrisxy" ir;a úfÊiQßh

wd§yq fj;s' O¾uisß talkdhl ixialD;s ^ixialD;s iÕrdfõ&

.=rel=,fha m%Odk idys;H úpdrlhd úh¡ wurodi ùrisxy "

Wiaj;af; wdrÉÑ" chka; wrúkao fuka u iqis,a isßj¾Ok o

ixialD;s iÕrdj u.ska ish úpdr woyia m%ldYhg m;a lrk

,È¡ fuys § kï fkd l< ;j;a Wiia úpdrl le<la u isá;s'

ud fuys § wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,enQfha iuld,sl ^Synchronic &

Ñpdrlhska flfrys muKs¡ iuld,sl fkd jk idys;H

úpdrlhska /ila isá;s' Tjqka ye¢kaúh yelafla mdrld,sl

^Diachronic & úpdrlhka jYfhks¡ fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s

ysñ" fydrK jðr{dk ysñ" .=Kmd, u,,fialr" mq[aÑnKavdr

ikakia.," wdkkao l=,iQßh" wdßh rdclreKd" iqks,a

wdßhr;ak" .dñKs oE< nKavdr" chka; wurisxy" r;akisß

wrx., jeks úpdrlhka ta .Kfha ,d ie,lSu jvd jà¡ Tjqka

tÈfkod ìys jk idys;H ks¾udKj,g tflfKys m%;spdr

±laùu fjkqjg ks¾udK ft;sydisl miqìul ;nd úYaf,aIKh

lrk msßils¡ thska w¾:j;a jkqfha ta ish,a,kaf.a u ish¨ u

úpdr tn÷ h hkak fkd fõ¡ we;eï úfgl Tjqka iuld,sl

úpdr Odrdj o ksfhdackh lrkq ±lsh yels h¡ ud¾áka úl%uisxy

iuld,sl úpdrlfhl= f,i .;a; o Tyqf.a fndfyduhla

lD;s mdrld,sl fõ¡ ud fï ye|skaùfuys § È.yßkq ,enQfha

iuld,sl úpdr fiakdfõ fm<yr uysufha ixlafIamhls¡

fuh isxy, idys;H úpdr b;sydih ms<sn| flá igykla

neúka tys ish¨ úpdrlhskaf.a kï yd lreKq ±laùu wjeis

o fkd fõ¡ fï úpdrlhka fndfyda fofkl= udkjjd§ka fkd

jQ w;r udkjjd§ woyia o we;eï úg Ndú; l< wh fj;s¡ fï

msßfika nyq;rhla kQ;kjd§ úpdr ud¾. wkq.ukh l< wh

fj;s¡ thskqÿ lsysm fofkl= mYapd;a kQ;k ixl,am úpdrh

fj; /f.k wdfjda jQy.

iïm%odkhla l< ±jeka;fhls¡ iqpß; .ï,;a ish ia:djrh

fjkia fkd fldg ñfhk f;la u kka whqßka idys;H l,d

úpdrh fmdaIKh lf<a h¡ Tyq udlaiajd§ úpdrlfhl= f,i

m%p,s; jqj o fyf;u Ndú; l< úpdr isoaOdka;hkaf.ka

nyq;rhla udkjjdoh ksfhdackh l< tajd fõ¡ msh,a fidaur;ak "

iqis,a isßj¾Ok wd§kaf.a úpdr odhl;ajfhka werô udj;

iÕrdj o fndfyda fihska udlaiajd§ keUqrejla .eksK¡ ta

wkqj 1970 iy 1980 oYloajh udlaishdkq wdf,da,khlska hq;=

j .; úke hs lSu ksjerÈ fõ¡

1990 oYlh jk úg fjk fjkia úpdrjdo u;= j wd

w;r bka m%Odk ;ekla .kq ,enQfha mYapd;a kQ;k Ñka;dj,sh

hs' iudc úoHd{hskaf.a ix.uh u.ska m%ldYhg m;a lrkq

,nk zzm%jdoZZ iÕrdj fuu idlÉPdj wdrïN lrk ,È¡ tys

m%Odk f,aLlhka jQfha rxð;a fmf¾rd " iqks,a úfÊisßj¾Ok "

§ma;s l=udr .=Kr;ak" ks¾ud,a rxð;a foajisrs" k,ska iqjdßia"

ksyd,a fmf¾rd" iixl fmf¾rd" chfoaj Whkaf.dv" luks

chj¾Ok m%Odk msßihs' wk;=rej t<ô ld,h ;=< X lKavdhu

úiska mYapd;a kQ;k ixl,am iudc .; lsÍug W;aidy ork

,È¡ tu W;aidyh M,odhs ù ± hs ;ju;a w¾>Kh fldg ke;¡

Tjqka úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,enQ mdrd§ih" udf;dg iÕrd

yd ,kavka iÕrdj u.ska iajlSh woyia iudc.; lrk ,È¡

Tjqkaf. m%Odk idys;H úpdrlhka jQfha §ma;sl=udr .=Kr;ak"

iqñ;a pdñkao" o¾Yk ,shkf.a" iuka mqIaml=udr" tï' ta' fla'

fmf¾rd" ks¾ud,a rxð;a foajisß hk wh hs¡ óg iudka;r

wjêfhys mYapd;a jHqyjdofha m%Odk l%ufõohla jk

úixfhdack kHdh

ms<sn| Ydia;%d, ;=< uy;a l,ne.Eks we;s

úh¡ mYapd;a jHqyjdoh ±k.ekSug fmr jHqyjdoh o;hq;= fkd

fõ ± hs is;+ ud *¾äkka ä fidaIsh¾ hk jd.a úoHd{hdf.a yd

f,ù iag%õia kï udkj úoHd{hdf.a lD;Skays idr ixlafIam

Tjqkaf.a jHqyjd§ woyia u;= jk whqßka is¿ñK mqj;amf;a

m< lrk ,§ ^2004'05'23 yd 2006'01'15 isg 2006'08'20 olajd&¡

jHqyjdoh bf.kSug tu ,sms fm< ÿyqkkag WmldÍ jQ nj

miqld,Sk j Bg ,enqKq m%;spdrj,ska jegysK¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

26 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 27

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

ms( l,dj m%pdrljd§ wruqKq i|yd fhoùug uu úreoaOhs¡

ud foaYmd,k wka;hka i|yd rx. l,dj Ndú; lrkq

we;ehs ug isf;kafka kE¡

m%( foaYmd,kh rx. l,dfjys fhda.H wruqKla he hs Tn

lshkjd o@

ms( iuyr úg fhda.H m%fhdackhla úh yels hs¡ tfy;a

rx. l,dfõ kshu lafIa;%h tjeks flá ld,Sk

f;audjka he hs ug úYajdi l< fkd yelshs¡ rx. l,dj

foaYmd,k wruqK i|yd fhoùfuka tys Wmßu

m%fhdackh .; yels h hs ug lsj fkd yels hs¡

m%( Tnzzfláld,SkZZ f;audjka f,i ksh; jYfhka u

i,lkafka fudkjd o@

ms( f,dalfha fYa%IaG;u kdgH" iudc jHqyhka foaYmd,k

;;ajhka wNsnjd id¾j;%sl úYaj idOdrK udkj

iajrEmfhka .fõIKh l<d¡ ljr wdldrfha iudc

l%uhla hgf;a jqj o ñksiqkag ;u fm!oa.,sl Ôjk

m%Yak iuÕ fmdr ne§ug isÿ fjkjd¡ fïjd

úYajidOdrK fuka u ikd;ksl m%Yak¡ ,xldj

iudcjdoh fj; fhduq fjñka ;sfnkjd¡ wfma ish¨

wd¾Ól m%Yak bÈß ld,fha § úi÷k;a úYaj idOdrK

udkj m%Yakj,g uqyqK fokakg ñksiqkg isÿ fjkjd¡

m%dfhda.sl j uf.a kdgH ish,a, u mqrdfKdala;s u;

mokï j we;s w;r tajd msh mq;=" wUq ieñ jeks uQ,sl

iïnkaO;d .ekhs¡ fuu uQ,dY% úúO jQ w¾: l:khkag

Ndckh l< yels hs¡ tajd lsis úg Y+kH jkafka kE¡

m%( tfy;a mjq, flakaø fldg .;a fuu udkj iïnkaO;d

iudc wd¾Ól ;;ajhkaf.a u ksIamdohla fkdfõ o@

ms( we;a;¡ lsis fohla ke;s ;ekl udkj iïnkaO;d

mj;skak nE¡ fldfydu jqK;a uf.a kdgHj, § ud

ndysr ;;ajhka iuÕ iïnkaOhla olajkafka kE

^ùuxid(162-163&¡ZZ

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdrh,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdrh

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdrh,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdrh

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdrh

udkjjd§ Ñka;kfha uQ,sl ms<s.ekSï fuys m<uq

mßÉfþofha úia;rd;aul j olajd we;¡ ñksia iudcfha we;s

ke;la úfNao wu;l fldg ish,a,ka u tl yd iudkh hk

isoaOdka;h u; udkjjdoh f.dkqù we;¡ cd;s" mka;s" wd.ï"

l=," ,sx." jhia wd§ úúO fn§ï udkjjdÈhd wjOdkhg fkd

.kshs¡ udkjjdoh fndfyda fihska f,!lsl ixj¾Okhg jvd

f,daflda;a;r Ôú;fha biõ iam¾I lrhs¡ tfy;a ,snr,aa udkjjd§

woyia wd.ñl udkjjdo blaujd .sh ksoyila fj; .uka

lrhs¡ ud¾áka úl%uisxy" tÈßùr irÉpkaø wd§kaf.a úpdr

ixl,am fndfyda fihska ,snr,a udkjjd§ yrhkaf.ka hqla;

fõ¡ irÉpkaø ;ukaf.a iuia: l,d iïm%odkfha u w¾:h

udkjjd§ jQjla nj ta¡ fÊ¡.=Kj¾Ok iuÕ idlÉcdfõ §

meyeÈ,s j u m%ldY lrhs¡ Tyq ish udkjjd§ ia:djrh fkdj,yd

fy<s l< ia:dkhla f,i tu idlÉPdj ±laúh yels

h¡zziïm%odhsl kdgH l%uh yd kQ;k fõÈldjZZ uehska zzùuxidZZ

tÈßùr irÉpkaø Wmydr wxlfha tu idlÉPdj m< ù we;¡

tu ixjdo fldgi fufia h"

zzm%( Tn rx. l,dj Wmfhda.S fldg .kafka ljr iú{dk

wruqKla i|yd o@

ms( ud lsisu zzwÈisZZ wruqKlg kdgH fhdod f.k kE¡ ud

th fhdod .;af; l,d;aul iudma;shla wruqKq fldg

f.k hs¡ ug wjYH jkafka" rx. l,dj u.ska .eUqre

Ôú;dkqN+;shl=;a" ukqIH iajNdjh ms<sn| ukd

wjfndaOhl=;a" jHdl+, udkj iïnkaO;d ms<sn| j

h:d ±laul=;a fm%alaIlhd yg ,nd foñka Tjqka

idudkHfhka olakd foag jeä hula olskakg Tjqkaf.a

fk;a fhduq lsÍuhs¡ fïjd rx. l,djg muKla iSud

fkdjQ" l,dfõ fmdÿ wruqKq f,i ud i,lkjd¡ wka

l,djkg jvd rx. l,dfõ § fï ld¾hh jvd;a m%n,

j l< yels úh hq;= hs¡

m%( ud woyia flf<a foaYmd,k ld¾hNdrh .ekhs" wdishdkq

rx. l,djg foaYmd,k ld¾hhla we;ehs Tn úYajdi

lrkjd o@

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

28 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 29

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

yd id¾j fN!ñl i;Hhla ùu hs¡ Ndr;Sh úpdr ixl,amj, ta

uq,sl ,laIKh ksÍlaIKh l< yels h¡

.%ka: jHqyh(

,snr,a udkjjdoh hkq ,xldfõ m%p,s; u idys;H úpdr

kHdh hs¡ tys ngysr uQ,hka ms<sn| ,dxlsl iudcfha we;af;a

w,am ±kquls¡ tfyhska ngysr udkjjd§ ixl,am ixúOdkh ù

j¾Okh jQ wdldrh fï lD;sfha úfYaIfhka úNd. fõ¡ ì%;dkH

;=< udkjjd§ isoaOdka; jeã j¾Okh jQ wdldrh Ydia;%d,j,

úIhud,djkays fjkialïj,g iudka;r j isÿ jQ wdldrh

uq,a mßÉfÊofha § úia;r flf¾¡ idys;Hh b.ekaúh yels

úIhla o@ th b.ekajQ miq YsIHhd ;=< jk fjkialï ueksh

yels o@ idys;H wOHhkh NdId wOHhkj,ska fjkia jkafka

flfia o@ hk jeo.;a lreKq ms<sn| ì%;dkH Ydia;%d, ;=< we;s

jQ ixjdo ms<sn| o< úia;rhla ì%;dkH Ydia;%d,h yd úpdrh

kue;s m<uq mßÉfÊofha we;=<;a fõ¡ úpdrjdo yd úpdrlfhdaaaa a

kue;s fo jk mßÉfÊofhka whs¡ ta¡ ßpâia" ú,shï tmaika yd

t*a¡ wd¾¡ f,úia hk ióm lshùï .=rel=,fha úpdrlhka

;sfokdf.a ixl,am ms<sn| ú.%yhla bÈßm;a flf¾¡ wk;=re j

weßiafgdag,a isg t*a¡wd¾¡ f,úia olajd kue;s f; jk

mßÉfÊofhka jeo.;a bx.%Sis udkjjd§ka ms<sn| flá úia;r

yd Tjqkaf.a iïm%odkhka ms<sn| ye¢kaùï ix.%y lr we;¡ th

bx.%Sis idys;H úpdr b;sydih ms<sn| ixlaIsma; igykla n÷

fõ¡ udkjjdoh úpdrhg ,lalrñka ìys jQ kQ;k úpdr

kHdhkaf.a t<Uqï ms<sn| j 4 jk mßÉfþofhka úia;r lr

we;¡ th kï fldg we;af;a ,snr,a udkjjdofha ksudj

fkdfyd;a zzúpdr kHdhkaysZZiïm%dma;sh hkqfjks¡ kQ;k;aj

jHdmdrh u.ska udkjjdofha ú.%y jQ zzukqIHhdZZ ;=< we;s

úúO úIu;d olskakg mgka .kS¡ ,sx." mka;s" cd;s" j¾K l,dm

wd§ fn§ï mokï lr.;a kHdhka ìysjQfha ta jHdmdrh ;=< hs¡

iïm%odh ixl,amh yd Ndú;h kue;s mia jk mßÉfÊofhka

udkjjd§ka jvd;a u wjOdkh fhduq l< úpdr ixl,amh jQ

iïm%odh hkak ms<sn| úúO l;sldjka /ila ms<sn| wjOdkh

fï ixjdofha § ish ia:djrhka f,i irÉpkaø olajk lreKq

ish,a, u udkjjd§ Ñka;k Odrdj ksfhdackh lrhs¡

fndfyda wd.ñl is;=ú,s o udkjjd§ woyia mdol fldg

mj;S¡ wd.u Nla;s ud¾.h yd iodpdr ud¾.fha .uka lroa §

ksoyia udkjjdoh nqoaêud¾.h yd ksoyi b,a,d isáhs¡

fndfyduhla kQ;kjd§ ixl,am o ,snr,a udkjjdofha uQ,sl

Ñka;k úê fj;ska wdNdih ,nd we;¡ udlaiajdofha tk wd¾Ól

úYaf,aIKh ,snr,a udkjjd§ f,i lrkq ,enQ iïm;a

úYaf,aIKhls¡ Y%uh" N+ñh" m%d.aOkh yd jHjidh hk uQ,sl

iïm;a w;=ßka m%d.aOkh fyda N+ñh flakaø fldg f.k

mQ¾jfhka bÈßm;a l< úYaf,aIKh fjkqjg Tyqf.a flakaøSh

wjOdkh fhduq jQfha Y%uh u; hs (Robert,2009:13-60) ¡ Y%uh

hkq udkj iïm; hs¡ fj<|fmd< ;=< Y%uh ksIamdok wuqøjHhla

njg m;aùfuka ñksid ukqIH;ajfhka mr;ajdfrdamKh

^Alienation & flf¾¡ mr;ajdfrdamK ixl,amh ,snr,a udkjjdoh

yryd meñKshls ^Klages Mary, 2007&¡ ixialD; úpdrfha tk

ri" èjks" T!Ñ;H yd w,xldr wd§ jdo ish,a, udkjjdo fõ¡

rijdofha ixj¾ê; ri 8 fyda Ydka; rih iuÕska jk ri 9

ish¨ ñksiqkag fmdÿ jQjls¡ tfia fkd jqjfyd;a Bg w¾:hla

ke;¡ kdgHfha § ri m%ldYhg m;a lrkqfha wNskh u.sks¡

wNskh j¾. 4 ls¡ bka tla jeo.;a u wNskhla jkqfha id;aúl

wNskh h¡ r;sh" ydiH" fldaOh" fYdalh" ms<sl=," Nh wd§ ñksia

ia:dhS Ndj ish¨ ñksiqkag fmdÿ jqjfyd;a yer Nr;uqKsf.a

ri ixl,amh ish¨ ñksiqkag Ndú;hg .; fkd yels h¡

Nr;f.a ri ixl,am ms<sn| wjOdkhlska f;dr j uq,sl ñksia

Ndj ms<sn| fmda,a welauka l< m¾fhaIKj,ska f,dj isák

iEu ñksia j¾.hla u uqyqfKka yeÕSï m%ldYhg m;a lrkqfha

iudk wdldrhlg nj fidhd f.k we; ^Ekman & Friesen,

2003&¡ èjksjdohg wkqj .;fyd;a NdIdfõ jHxckd jHdmdrh

ish¨ NdIdjkag fmdÿ jQjls¡ ljr NdId;aul m%ldYhla jqj

jdpHd¾:" ,laIKd¾: yd jHx.d¾: hk f; j.hg we;=<;a

fõ¡ th ljr ñksia NdIdjl jqj m%ldYk .=Kh iïnkaOfhka

fmdÿ fõ¡ udkjjdofha m%Odk u ,laIKh jkqfha i¾jld,Sk

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

30 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 31

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

kï fldg we;af;a fn!oaO udkjjdoh hkqfjks¡ fn!oaO

úpdrfõohla ks¾udKh lr.ekSug úúO úh;=ka úiska l,la

;siafia f.k .sh m%h;akh l=¿ .ekaùu tu ,smsfha wruqK hs¡

fuf;la úúO úpdrlhka úiska wjOdkhg .;a lreKq muKla

fuys ix.%y lr we;¡ ish¨ ñksiqka tl iudkh hkak o tla

wka;jdohls¡ ñksiqka ld, foaY ikao¾Nhka wkqj

tlsfkldf.ka tlsfkldg fjkia jkafka h hkak ;j;a

wka;hls¡ nqÿ oyu fï wka; fol u m%ySk lrhs¡ ixialdr O¾u

wks;H nj nqÿkaf.a woyihs¡ È.=ld,Sk j mj;akd Odrdjla

mj;skjd fia u th fudfyd;ska fudfyd; we;s fjñka ke;s

fjñka mj;S¡ fï oyu u.ska ukqIHhd yd mßirh w;r

iïnkaOh talSh;ajfha;a LKavkfha;a tl;=jla fkdfyd;a ueo

udj;la nj fmkajd § we;¡ tu kHdhsl lreKq ms<sn| WÑ;

ú.%yhla iqks,a úfÊisßj¾Okhka úiska bÈßm;a fldg we;¡

óg Wm .%ka:hla we;=<;a lrñka udkjjd§ t<Uqulska

l< úpdr ;=klaa bÈßm;a lrkq ,en we;¡ Ñ;%mg úpdrh yd .S;

úpdrh ióm lshùï udÈ,sh wkqhk w;r mUhdf.a idlalsh

ikao¾N úpdrhg jvd;a ióm fõ¡ Ñ;%mg yd .S; úpdr idys;H

úpdrj,g jvd ixialD;sl lshùï .Kfha ,d ie,lsh yels h¡

tfy;a tys we;s oDIaájd§ t<Uqu ms<sn| i,ld fï úpdr fuys

m< flf¾¡

fï iuia; lD;sfha wruqK jkqfha idys;H úpdrh

úIfhys Wkkaÿ jk msßif.a wjfndaOh yd Wkkaÿj jeä

lsÍu hs¡ ta w¾:fhka .;fyd;a fuh úYajúoHd, uÜgfï

isiqkaf.a mßyrKhg jvd WÑ; úh yels h¡ Wiia fm<

idys;H yodrk isiqkag o bka hï msgqn,hla ,eìh yels jkq

we;ehs isf;a¡ fuh mßiudma; lD;shlg jvd úpdrhg m%fõY

ùug fodrgqjla jkq we;¡ bka mdGl ckhd hï m%fhdackhla

.kq ±lSu wmf.a ix;=Iaáh hs¡

mdol igyka(mdol igyka(

mdol igyka(mdol igyka(

mdol igyka(

1¡ iS.sßh l=fõrf.a wd,lukaodj nj ±kg ms<s.;a u;h hs¡ th ldYHm

úiska ish ud,s.h f,i Ndú; lsÍug fndfyda l,lg fmr fuh wd,l

ukaodj f,i Ndú; fldg we;¡

fhduq lrhs¡ iïm%odh ms<sn| fï jk úg isxyf,ka ,shù we;s

.%ka:hkays we;=<;a lreKq fuys mqkreÉpdrKh lsÍug W;aidy

fkd .kakd w;r ta ms<sn| fjkia jQ udkhlska úNd. lsÍu

fï mßÉfÊofha wruqK hs¡ tßla fydíiafndõï yd fgrkaia

f¾kac¾ úiska ish wOHhk u.ska fidhd .;a lreKq wkqj

iïm%odh wNskjfhka ks¾udKh fldg Bg w;S; iqcd; Ndjhla

,nd .; yels nj fmkajd fokq ,eìK¡ tf;la iïm%odhg ;snQ

ÈjHuh wdfõYh iqka j hdug ta wOHhkh fya;= úh¡ fuys §

tu lreK ms<sn| wjYH ;rfï wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;¡

hqfrdamSh {dk óudxidjg mQ¾jfhka ,xldj mqrd úrdcudk j

mej;s {dk ud¾.h fn!oaO Ñka;kh hs. th zzisxy, fn!oaO

Ñka;khZZ f,i kï l< o ksjerÈ h¡ ud th tfia ye¢kajQfha

.Kkd;a Tfífialrf.a zzfn!oaO pQ, iïm%odhZZ ^ Obeyesekere,

1963& ms<sn| woyi isf;ys ;nd f.k h¡ ,xldfõ fn!oaO

iïm%odh fuka u l,dmfha wfkla rgj, o Bg u wkkH jQ

nqoaOd.ï we;¡ WodyrKhla f,i zz;dhs nqÿ oyuZZ ye¢kaúh

yels h¡ nqÿoyu ,xldfõ § .Ksld l¾udka;hg /yeKs j

msysáh o ;dhs,ka;fha § tfia jQ njla ±lsh fkd yels h¡ thska

.uH jkqfha uQ,Od¾ñl nqÿ oyu l=ula jqj;a jHjydßl nqoaOd.ï

/ila we;s nj hs¡ fn!oaO uQ,O¾uj, m%dK >d;h mdmhla

f,i olajd we;¡ ,xldfõ § fï ixl,amh fjkia j Ndú;

jk nj miq.sh ld,fha isÿùïj,ska .uH úh¡ we;eï NslaIqka

jykafia,d .j >d;khg b;d ;Èka úreoaO jQ kuq;a

Wkajykafia,d ñksia >d;kj,g úreoaO njla fmkajd ke;¡

,xldfõ § fn!oaO m%dK>d; ixl,amh uqia,sï m%cdjg m%;smlaI

j ixialrKh fjñka mj;sk njla bka .uH fõ¡ th isxy,

nqoaOd.fï ,laIKhla njg iQ;%.; jkakg o neß ke;¡ tfia

jqjfyd;a iuHoDIaál nqoaOd.fuka isxy, nqoaOd.u ;j ÿrg;a

ÿria jkq we;¡ fï ir, úia;rfhka fn!oaO uyd iïm%odh yd

pQ, iïm%odh w;r fjki y÷kd .; yels hhs is;ñ¡ fï ish¨

fn!oaO ud¾. tla fldg .;a l, úYd, lD;Ska iuQyhlg

Wreulï lshk fn!oaO idys;Hhla ±lsh yels fõ¡ ta ish,a, u

mdfya udkjjd§ Odrdjg u wh;a fj;ss. tfyhska ta ms<sn| j o

fuys yh jk mßÉfþofhys igyka fldg we;. tu mßÉfÊoh

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

32 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 33

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

wdY%s; .%ka:(

ixialrK(

1¡ lõis¿ñK"ixia(wdßhmd,"weï¡î¡"1994"fo jk uqøKh" f.dvf.a( urodk

2¡ iS.sß .S ^m%:u Nd.h&¡ixia( uqÈhkafia" kkaofiak" 1963" .=Kfiak iy

iud.u( fld<U¡

3¡ ishnia,lr úia;r j¾Kkdj" ixia( [dKiSy ysñ" fykamsgf.or" 1933"

úoHdm%fndaO hka;%d,h ( fld<U¡

4¡ .=;a;s, ldjH j¾Kkd" ixia( .=Kj¾Ok" ví,shq¡we*a¡" 1916" isõ jk

ixialrKh" tlai;a m%jD;a;sm;% iud.u(fld<U¡

fmd;a(

1¡ uqKsodi" l=udr;=x.¡"1933" .x.d frdayK j¾Kkd újrKh" wEmd uqøKd,h(

fld<U¡

2¡ uqksodi l=udr;=x.¡" 2000" úß;a jelsh" tia¡ f.dvf.A" fld<U 10¡

3¡ l=udr;=x. uqksodi¡" 1939" ^1957& lúYslaIdj" tï¡ã .=Kfiak" fldf<dU¡

4¡ l=udr;=x." uqksodi¡" 1938 ^2010&" m%nkafOdamfoaYh" úisÿkq m%ldYk"

fndr,eia.uqj¡

5¡ isßudkak ta'tï'Ô" 1961" Ndú; úpdrh" f,alayjqia" fld<U¡

6¡ irÉpkaø" tÈßùr¡" 1987" l,amkdf,dalh" y;r jk uqøKh" weia' f.dvf.a(

urodk¡

7¡ nd,iQßh" lS¾;s" .ï,;a" iqpß;¡" 1986" l,amkdf,daljdoh idys;H l,d

yd udlaiajdoh" weia' f.dvf.a( urodk¡

8¡ .ï,;a" iqpß;¡" 1991" idys;H úpdr yd udlaiajd§ úlg rEm" rEmK

m%ldYlfhda" n;a;ruq,a,

9¡ úfÊ.=Kisxy" mshiS,S" 1987" kQ;k isxy, idys;H úpdrh udlaiajd§

wOHhkhla" ikaksfõok fmd;a m%ldYlfhda( wxf.dv¡

10¡ ______________ 1982"

idys;H fN!;sljd§ wOHhkhla"

ikaksfõok

fmd;a m%ldYlfhda( wxf.dv¡

11. Ekman, P., 2003. Emotions Revealed. (Times books), Henry Holt and Company:

New York

2¡ iir irK iõ i;a oï wudfjka if;diajd

i.mj. iem;a ÿka oï rÿka oï iÕ=ka fiõ

fmr ueo. jKska fï ;=ka f.fKa uq,a flfuka kï

m;< ue;s if|la ù fï mqf¾ ls;a fofola jka

3. zzlõ i;a is;a fuk o;a miiak ok iõ i;a oï úhQ fï f.fKa

olakd ;=ka .=re u;a kñka jK ifhla fõ bka lsfjï wla jKehs

okafkda fí jK w,a uhkak u .ks;a lSjd úkd fï h<s;a

lS ;kayS hjyka khkak o jfKla ù kï ksfodia fõ u nia

bka ta lS ksfodiska joka f.k biska fodia fuka is;d lS kuq;a

lõ fodia tla j fmkS ;sfnhs Tn jykafia lS fkdfhla ;ekaj,;a

ta foaj,a úuid n,d is;= f,iska kdid wkqka lS f;mq,a

tla ù is;a iel w;yßkakg fodvd wdfjd;a fid|hs ud lrd

fuhska lùyQ ish jro ms<s.;ay. fkdtfia kï fpdaolhka lS fkdfhla

;ekaj,e jro we;s njla l=ug lsh;a o@ZZ ^l=udr;=x."¡ 1933(12&

m<uq iõ i;a oï jdoh ms<sn| jeäÿr f;dr;=re i|yd - zzfyjdjiï¡

m¡n¡ð¡, 1966¡ ud;r hq.fha idys;HOrhka yd idys;H ksnkaOk" ixialD;sl

lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j( fld<UZZ -lD;sh lshjkak¡

4¡ Allwais, Jems De., 1852, The Sidath Sangarawa A Grammar of the Sinhalese

Language Translated in to English with Introduction Notes and Appendices,

Colombo.

5¡ ud¾áka úl%uisxy idys;H úpdrh wrnhd rÑ; lD;s /ils¡ ta w;=ßka

zzisxy, úpdr u.ZZ lD;sh úfYaI fõ¡ fn!oaO udkjjdohla yd fn!oaO

h:d¾:jdohla ms<sn| úl%uisxyf.a woyia tys we;¡ úl%uisxyf.a udkjjd§

úpdr Ndú;h Tyqf.a fndfyduhla lD;sj,ska m%ldYhg m;a fõ¡

6¡ irÉpkaøf.a jeo.;a u úpdr uQ,O¾u ix.%yh zzl,amkd f,dalhZZ hs¡ th

m%ldYhg m;a jQfha 1958 § h¡ ngysr frduEkaála yd wfkl=;a udkjjd§

úpdrl u; ixialD; úpdr ixl,am yd uqiq fldg wNskj idys;H we.hqï

moaO;shla bÈßm;a lsÍug tu lD;sh iu;a j we;¡ Tyqf.a fo jk úpdr

uQ,O¾u lD;sh zzidys;H úoHdjZZ hs¡ th m%ldYhg m;a jQfha 1965 j¾Ifha

§ h¡ tys § Tyq jeä wjOdkhla olajd we;af;a NdIdj flfrys h¡ th

kQ;kjd§ keUqrejla o iys; lD;shle hs lsj yels h¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

34 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 35

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

1 mßÉfþoh

bx.%Sis Ydia;%d,h yd idys;H úpdrh

idys;H wOHhkh úIfhys ngysr f,dalfha ìys jQ

iïm%odhsl t<Uqï ish,a, fmdÿfõ —,snr,a udkjjd§˜ t<Uqï

f,i kï lsÍu ms<s.;a l%uh hs' ,snr,a udkjjdofha wdrïNh

yd úldYkh m%Odk jYfhka u tx.,ka;fha idys;H yd NdId

wOHhkh zzYdia;%d,hShZZ úIhla f,i b.ekaùu wdrïN ùu

yd w;Hka;fhka ne£ mj;S¡ ,snr,a udkjjd§ {dk Odrdj

ks¾udKh ù úldYkh jQfha Ydia;%d,hSh iïNdIKhla f,i

ùu Bg fya;+j hs' fï ksid ,snr,a udkjjd§ t<Uqu jgyd

.ekSug tx.,ka;h ;+< bx.%Sis wOHdmkh wdrïN ùu yd tu

wOHhkhka jeã j¾Okh ùu ms<sn| b;sydih oek .ekSu

w;HdjYHh fõ¡ bx.S%is idys;H wOHhkfha j¾Okh f;areï

.ekSu i|yd 20 jk ishjfia uq,a ld¾;=j jk f;la tx.,ka;fha

Wiia wOHdmk l%uh mej;sfha flfia o hkak ms<sn| o<

jYfhka fyda oek .ekSu wjYHh fõ¡

fï wjêfhA wOHdmkh mej;sfha m,a,sfha wKil hgf;a

h¡ tjl mej;sfha o Tlaia*¾â yd flaïì%Ê hk úYajúoHd,

fol muKs' fï fol o l+vd wdY%ñl wdh;k f,i fn§

ixúOdkh ù mej;sK' tajdfhys wOHdmkh ,eîug yels jQfha

msßñkag muKs¡ weka.a,shdkq foajia:dk.; iriúhg we;=<;a

jk msßñ <uqka foaj O¾u m%pdrlhka f,i mqyqKq ùu l< hq;=

úh¡ tys b.ekaùï lf<da mQclfhda jQy¡ Tjqkg újdy ù w.dßl

Ôú; .; lsÍu ;ykï úh¡ Tjqkaf.a jdiia:dkh jQfha o

b.ekaùï l< fld,Schu h¡ tys úúO iïNdjH úIhka

bf.kSug wjia:dj ;sìK¡ merKs .%Sl yd ,;ska idys;Hh"

.Ks;h" idudkH úIhka f,i W.kajk ,È¡ meúos Wmiïmodj

n,dfmdfrd;a;+ jk O¾u ¥;hka foajO¾u úoHdj W.; hq;+

úh¡

12.Robert E. Babe., 2009. Cultural Studies and Political Economy Toward a

New Integration, Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: Inc

Lanham – Boulder- New York- Toronto- Plymouth, UK¡

13. Klages Mary, 2007. Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed,

Bloomsbury Academic: New York¡

,sms(,sms(

,sms(,sms(

,sms(

1¡ ú;drK úkS" 2004" ldjH úpdrfhys,d l=udr;=x. ks¾Kdhl" ,smsh ^327

- 348&

iqjyia kh ukeis bisjrhdfKda"

ixia( f.ú÷ l=udr;=x." úisÿkq"

fndr,eia.uqj¡

2¡ Obeyesekere, Gananath., 1963. Great Tradition and the Little in the Perspective

of Sinhalese Buddhism, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Feb.,

1963), pp. 139-153

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

36 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 37

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

hq;= h˜ hkqfjka Tyq mejiS h¡ fudßia idys;Hh ie,l+fha

uOHu mka;shg u whs;s jq nQo,hla f,isks¡ tfuka u

idys;Hfhka m%ldYhg m;a jkqfha uOHu mka;sfha we.hSï yd

jákdlï h hkak Tyq wjOdrKh lrk ,§¡ Tyqg wkqj uOHu

mka;sh úiska bx.%Sis Ndjfha idrh m%;sks¾udKh lrk ,os¡

tksid uOHu mka;sl wOHdmkh úfYaIfhka u bx.%Sis úh hq;=

h¡ th bx.%Sis idys;Hh flakaø fldg mj;S¡ fudßia fï ish,af,a

foaYmd,k udkhka ms<sn| wjêhlska isá nj fmfkhs¡ ta

wkqj W.;a ish¨ fokdg Tjqka tx.,ka;hg wh;a nj oekSu

wjYH úh¡ túg Tjqkg rgla we;¡ —uf.a wi,ajeishd r:fhka

.uka lroa § uu mhska hñ˜¡ ta;a uu bx.%Sis W.;af;la fjñ¡

ish cd;sl;ajh h:d¾:hla jk whqre bx.%Sis W.;a ;eke;a;dg

mila fõ¡ fuf,i bx.%Sis bf.kSu foaYmd,k iu;dj mj;ajd

f.k hdug uOHu mka;shg tla ;=reïmqjla úh¡ Okh úIu

f,i fn§ mej;Su u|lg fyda fjkia fkd fldg wd¾Ól

m¾hdh tf,i u mj;soa § uOHu mka;sl jákdlï bx.%Sis

b.ekaùu yryd iudch ;=< m;=rk ,§¡

bx.%Sis b.ekaùu tla whqrlska wd.ug k;= lsÍu yd iu

jQ l%shdj,shla nj fmfkkq we;¡ uOHu mka;shg my<ska isá

msßia m,a,shg meñKSu uOHu mka;slhkag uy;a .eg¨ f.k

fokakla fõ¡ tfy;a my< mka;sj,g rfÜ lsisÿ wjia:djla

ke;' Tjqkg YslaIKh ùug wdOHd;añl ud¾.hla fyda wd.ñl

t<Uqula ke; hk ueisú,a, jvd ;oska kef.kakg mgka

f.k ;sìK¡ fï ksid m%xifha jQjdla fuka fuys o ^tx.,ka;fha&

Tjqka Woaf>daIKh lrñka úma,jldÍ fjkila olajd fm<

.efikakg ms<sjk¡ tfyhska wOHdmkh ,nd §u u.ska wd.ñl

ms<s.ekSu ms<sn| .eg¨j;a iïm;a fn§ hdfï úIu;dj ms<sn|

m%Yakh;a hgm;a lrk ,os¡ 1830 ld,fha l%shd;aul jQ pdáiaÜ

jHdmdrh iudc ixia:dj, úma,jldÍ fjkila b,a,ñka isáfha

h¡ tx.,ka;fha m%:u bx.%Sis mdGud,dj wdrïN lrkq ,enqfha

o óg iudka;r ld,fha oS h¡

bx.%Sis wOHdmkfha wdrïNh ms<sn| úpdrd;aul woyia

m%ldY lsÍu wrUk ,oafoa 1850 ld,fha ue;sõ wdfkda,aâ úisks¡

lf;da,sl" hqfoõ" fuf;dosia; fyda lsisÿ wd.ula fkd

woyk ckhdg Wiia wOHdmk ysñlu fkd ,eìK¡ ta ksid u

úúO Wiia jD;a;Skag yd mßmd,k fiajhg we;+<;a ùug tu

ldKavdhïj,g wjia:djla fkd ù h¡ uOH;k wjêfha mgka

1820 jk f;la u tx.,ka;fha Wiia wOHdmk ;;a;ajh tn÷

úh¡

idys;Hh Ydia;%d,hSh úIhla njg m;a ùu

mq¾fjdala; taldêldÍ wOHdmk l%uh fjkia lsÍug

úúO W;aidyhka .kakd ,oS¡ Wiia wOHdmkh mq¿,a lsÍug;a

m%dfhda.sl úIhka úIh ud,dj,g we;=<;a lsÍug;a úúO m%h;ak

ork ,os¡ ta ish,a,g tfrys j wdÖ¾K l,ams; mjqre mokï

;;k ;;kd Yla;su;a fjñka mej;sK¡ fï oreKq ;;a;ajh

fjkia ùu wdrïN jQfha 1826 pdg¾ m;%hlska wdrïN l<

,kavka hqksj¾isá fld,Sðfha iïm%dma;sh;a iu.sks¡ fï

úoHia:dkh wdrïN lssÍfï wruqK jQfha ish¨ wd.ï woyk yd

wd.ula fkd woyk ish¨ fokdg;a .eyekq msßñ fomlaIhg;a

bf.kSfï wjia:dj ie,iSu hs¡ 1828 § tys tla úIhla f,i

bx.%Sis b.ekaùu wrUk ,§¡ 1829 § ,kavka úYajúoHd,h ish

m%:u bx.%Sis uydpd¾hjrhd m;a lrk ,§¡ fuys bx.%Sis f,i

b.ekajQ oE wo bx.%Sis wOHhkdxYj, W.kajk úIhka yd lsisÿ

iudk lula fkd ;sìK¡ tys uQ,sl jYfhka u W.kajk ,oafoa

bx.%Sis NdIdjhs¡ o< jYfhka fyda idys;Hh Ndú; jQfha NdIduh

úIh lreKqj,g WodyrK oelaùug muKs¡ bx.%Sis idys;Hh

uq,ska u fjk u úIhla f,i b.ekaùu wdrïN jQfha 1831

jif¾ § ,kavka lska.aia fld,Sðfha h¡ miqj fï fld,Sðh

,kavka úYajúoHd,fha tla fld,Sðhla njg m;a úh¡

1840 oS lska.aia fld,Sðh úiska t*a'ã' fudßiaa aa a (F. D.

Maurice) bx.%Sis uydpd¾h f,i m;a lrk ,§¡ bx.%Sis wOHhkh

i|yd fm< fmd;a y÷kajd §u Tyq úiska lrk ,os¡ Tyqf.a

iudrïNl foiqfï § ,snr,a udkjjdofha iuyr jeo.;a lreKq

ms<sn| i|yka lr we;¡ —bx.%Sis idys;Hh wOHhkh u.ska wm

Ôj;a jk wjêfha woyia yd mqreÿj,ska wm ksoyia lrkq

,eìh hq;+ h¡ tu.ska wm i¾jld,Sk w.hka yd iïnkaO l<

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

38 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 39

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fndfyda ÿrg jH¾: j .sfha h' bx.%Sis wOHdmk b;sydih ;=<

m%Sukaf.a foaYkh ;j;a m%uqL f,aLkhla fõ' idys;Hh wOHhkh

ms<sn| ;ju;a fkd úi÷Kq m%Yak /ila tu.ska u;=msgg f.k

tkq ,eìK' Tyq fufia mejiS h' —idys;Hh wOHhkh ri{;dj

j.d lrk nj o" ohdkqlïmdj W.kajk njo uki mq¿,a

lrk nj o mjihs' fï ish,a, b;d Wiia foaj,a fõ' tfy;a

reÑh yd ohdkqlïmdj uekSug fkd yelslu kï .eg¨jls'

mÍlaIlhkag mÍlaIKh i|yd ;dlaIKsl yd ksYaÑ; f;dr;=re

;sìh hq;= h'˜ fuh idys;Hh wOHhk ;+< lsisod fkd úi÷Kq

m%Yakhls' we;a;g u idys;Hh oekqfï wx.hla o@ ksh;hka yd

;dlaIKsl f;dr;+re iïnkaO lsÍu u.ska lrk idys;Hh

wOHhkhka ms<sn| mQ¾j.dókaf.a wjOdkh fhduq j mej;sK'

Tjqka úêu;a NdId wOHhkhla ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrk

,È' kuq;a idys;Hh wOHhkfha mQ¾j.dókaf.a woyi jQfha

NdIdj iy idys;Hh tlsfklska fjkia j b.ekaúh yels

ksid tajd fjka fjka j b.ekaúh hq;= nj hs' fï ms<sn|

m%Sukaf.a ckm%sh ms<s;=r jQfha —idys;Hh lshkafka Wiia lD;Ska

yeoEÍu kï" fI,s .ek fovùu fkdfõ kï" idys;Hh wOHhkh

NdIdj yeoEÍfuka fjka lsÍfï w¾:h l+ula o@ ˜ hkak hs'

m%Suka fï jdoh Èkk ,§' ;jÿrg;a idys;Hh" NdId wOHhkh

iuÕ u W.kajk ,os' NdId wOHhkfhka th fjka lsÍug

fkd yels úh' tfuka u th lsisfia;a u Ydia;%Sh úIhla o

fkd ù h' flfia fj;;a wjik 1894 oS Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,h

bx.%Sis mdGud,djla ilia lrk ,§' tys § o ft;sydisl NdId

wOHhkhg wh;a b;d .eUqre Ydia;%Sh wx. /ila Bg tla lrk

,os' wekaf,da ielaika" f.d;sla" f,fgda" iaf,dafjksla" uOH

ld,Sk bx.%Sis jeks nridr ft;sydisl NdId wOHhkhg wh;a

wx. tys úh' wo jk ;=re;a fï ;;a;ajfhka ñoSug fï

úYajúoHd,h iu;a j ke;'

1911 oS muK flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,h bx.%Sis NdId

wOHhkh fj; keUqre úh' igkaldó iïm%odhlg Wreulï

lshk úYaj úoHd,hla f,i flaïì%Ê ;=< fï fjki we;s

lsÍu idfmalaI j myiq úh' flaïì%Ê ys idys;Hh b.ekaùfï

l%shdj,sfha mqfrda.dóka jQfha 1920 ld,fha tys b.ekaùï werUQ

th WÉp;u ia:dkhlg f.k tk ,oafoa 1921 § m%ldYhg m;a

jQ —tx.,ka;fha bx.%Sis b.ekaùu ms<sn| ksõ fnda,aÜ jd¾;d

fjks˜ fï jd¾;djg fndfyda l,lg fmr meje;a jQ fudßiaf.a

idxj;aißl foaYkh jeks f;dr;+re Bg mQ¾j.dó WodyrK

fõ¡ bx.%Sis wOHdmkfha mqfrda.dókag wdk,aâf.a fyda fnda,aÜf.a

fyda fudßiaf.a woyia u muKla W;af;ackh iemhQ nj ms<s.;

fkd yels h¡

oDIaájd§uh f,i my< mka;s wjk; lr .ekSu fyda

md,kh lsÍu wújdos; j u Tjqkaf.a tla wruqKla úh¡ tfy;a

fï ms<sn| j h:d¾:h óg;a jvd fndfyda fihska ixlS¾K h¡

bx.%Sis idys;Hh Ydia;%d,j, b.ekaùu weröu msgqmi meje;s

;j;a lreKla kï mka;s wiudk;dj ms<sn| úlafgdaßhdkq

jroldÍ yeÕSu hs¡ ish¨ fokdf.a hym; msKsi ls%hd lsÍfï

ftkaøSh ´kElula o tys miqìfï úh¡ ;j;a w;lska iïnqoaêh

yd ixialD;sh me;srùu i|yd jQ ñIkdß ´kElu;a iudc

ia:dhSNdjh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd jQ iaj wNs,dIh;a

tx.,ka;h ;=< bx.%Sis idys;Hh b.ekaùu weröu miqìfuys

úh¡

,sj¾*q,a" n¾ñka.ayeï" uekafpiag¾" fI*s,aâ" ,Sâia hk

m%Odk ld¾ñl k.rj, msysá m%uqL úYajúoHd, fld,Sðj,

,kavka úYajúoHd,fha jr m;%h hgf;a ndysr Wmdê mdGud,d

i|yd idys;Hh W.kajk ,§¡ miqj fï fld,Sð iajdëk

úYajúoHd, f,i j¾Okh úh' tu.ska bx.%Sis idys;Hh Wmdê

uÜgñka b.ekaùu jHdma; úh' flfia kuq;a Tlaia*¾â yd

flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd, fï kj úIh foi ielfhka neÆ w;r

Bg tfrys j igka lrñka o isáfha h. 1894 jk f;la Tlaia*¾â

úYajúoHd,h;a 1911 jk f;la flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,h;a fuf,i

idys;H b.ekaùug tfrys j igka lrñka isáfha h'

19 jk ishjfia wjika ld¾;=fõ § Tlaia*¾â

úYajúoHd,h ;=< bx.%Sis uydpd¾h Oqrhla we;s lsÍu i|yd

uy;a jHdmdrhla yd idlÉPdjla we;s úh' 1887 § ta i|yd jQ

m%:u m%h;akh b;sydih ms<sn| uydpd¾hjrhd jQ tâjâ m%Sukaf.a

(Edward Augustus Freeman) Wmdê m%odfkda;aij foaYkh ksid

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

40 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 41

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

2 mßÉfþoh

úpdrjdo yd úpdrlfhda

whs'ta' ßpâiaa aa a (Ivor Armstrong Richards)

bx.%Sis idys;H wOHhkh úIfhys wo olajd u ms<s.ekSug

,la j we;s m%dudKsl úpdr l%ufõohla iïmdokh l<

;eke;af;l= f,i whs'ta' ßpâia iïNdjkdjg md;% fõ' idys;H

wOHhkh yd NdId wOHhkh tlsfklska fjka lsÍug fyf;u

mqfrda.dñ úh' Tyq y÷kajd ÿka úpdr l%ufõoh jQfha —m%dfhda.sl

úpdrh hs'˜ ^fuys ud m%dfhda.sl úpdrh f,i fhÿj o Practical

Criticism hkakg 1961 oS ta'tï'Ô' isßudkak Ndú; l< jpkh

jQfha —Ndú; úpdrh˜ hkak hs¡ ^n,kak isßudkak" ta'tï'Ô'

1961& 1929 § ßpâia m< l< úpdr lD;sfha ku jQfha o m%dfhda.sl

úpdrh hkak hs'

m%dfhda.sl úpdrh

msgq 375 lska hq;a fï .%ka:fha jHqyh my; mßÈ fõ¡

iuia; lD;sh fldgia 4lg fnod we;¡ ta my; mßÈ h¡

1¡ fï m<uq fldgi m%drïNl hk wre; fok bkafg%dvlagß

hk bx.%Sis mofhka y÷kajd we;¡ wOHhkfha ;;a;ajh" tys

b,lal" ;=,kd;aul oDIaájdo ms<sn| wOHhk" w¾:l:k

isoaOdka;h" nqoaêuh yd Ndjuh hd;%dj" úpdr uQ,O¾u" w.h

fmkaùug we;s fkd yelshdj" úpdrfha oi úO wmyiq;d"

hk lreKq fï fldgfia ix.%y ù we;¡

2¡fo jk fldgi m%f,aLkh hk w¾:h fok

fvdlHqfukafÜIka hk mofhka kï fldg we;¡ 20 jk

msgqfõ mgka 176 msgqj olajd we;af;a fï fldgi hs¡ th

I¡ lúh" II¡ lúh wd§ f,i mßÉfþo 13lg fnod we;¡ ldjH

msrsi hs' Tjqka kï whs'ta' ßpâia" ú,shï tmaika yd t*a' wd¾'

f,úia h' fudjqkaf.a úpdr jdo uq¿ukska u ksoyia udkjjdoh

hg;g .efka'

20 jk ishjfia bx.%Sis wOHdmkfha isÿ jQ j¾Okh yd

iudka;r j mej;s idys;Hh úpdr Ndú;hka yd kHdhkays

j¾Okh iy úldYkh f;areï .ekSug mQ¾fjdala; oekqu

miqìula ilikq we;' ßpâia" ú,shï yd f,úiaf.a —m%dfhda.sl

úpdr kHdh˜ fmdÿfõ ,snr,a udkjjdofha tla md¾Yajhla

ksfhdackhla lrhs' Tjqkaf.a úpdr kHdfha iajNdjh wOHhkh

lsÍu foig wk;=rej fhduq fjuq'

wdY%s; .%ka:

1.Baldick, Chris., 1983. The Social Mission of English Studies 1848-1932

(Oxford University Press: UK

2.Doyle, Brian., 1982. 'The hidden history of English Studies' in Re Reading

English, Methuen, ed. Peter Widdowson,pp. 17-31.

3.Graff, Gerald., 1987, Professing Literature: An Institutional History,

University of Chicago Press: Chicago.

4.Kearney, Anthony., 1986, The Louse on the Locks of Literature: John

Churton Collins, Scottish Academic Press.

5.Mulhern, Francis, 1979, The Moment of Scrutiny, New Left Books.

6.Palmer, D. J., 1965, The Rise of English Studies , Oxford University Press.

7.Potter, Stephen, 1973, The Muse in Chains: A Study in Education,Cape,

1937, rpt. Folcroft.

8.Tillyard, E. M. W., 1958, The Muse Unchained: An Intimate Account of the

Revolution in English Studies at Cambridge, Bowes & Bowes :London.

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

42 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 43

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

wjOdkhlska hq;= j lshùu fï l%ufõoh úiska m%;slafIam

lrk ,oS¡ m%dfhda.sl úpdrfha l%ufõoh Wf.k zzlvodisfha

we;s jpk˜ ir, j úYaf,aIKh lsÍu isiqka úiska lrkq

,eìh hq;= ld¾hh úh' tfy;a Tyqf.a ueosy;a ùfï jeo.;a

,laIKh kï ;jÿrg;a úpdrh kñka ukia.d; fodvjkakg;a

^úpdrfha oS ukia.d; fodvjk wdldrh jgyd .ekSug wjYH

kï iõi;aoï jdofhaaaa a § fo msrsila w;r l=,f.d;a wdoSh lshd

.ksñka l< ixjdoh lshjkak& u,a u,a joka úiqrejkakg;a

Wmud w,xldr fodafr .,k joka j¾Idjla jiaikakg;a fkd

yels úh¡ mÀ;hg jvd;a ióm j bka mek kef.k ksYaÑ;

w¾: flfrys u wjOdkh fhosh hq;= nj ßpâia wjOdrKh

lf<a h'

ú,shï tmaikaa aa a

(William Empson)

flaïì%Êys fo jk mqfrda.dó úpdrlhd jQfha whs'ta'

ßpâiaf.a YsIfhl= jq ú,shï tmaika h' Tyq b.ekaùfï oS

Ndú; l< igyka mdol fldg 1930 oS —ixYh i;a j.˜ hk

wre;a fok —Seven Types Of Ambiguity˜hk kñka lD;shla m<

lrk ,§' (Empson,william,1949) ¡ ßpâiaf.a ióm jd.a

úYaf,aIK l%uh fudyq úiska fkd ukd ;d¾lsl wka;hla

fj; f.k hk ,§' lúfhys fjk fjkia jd.auh wmyiq;d

y;la tmaika y÷kd .kshs' Tyq jHdl+,;d ke;fyd;a ixYhka

f,i w¾: oelajQfha tajd hs' tu jHdl+,;dj,g WodyrK

olajñka tajd úYaf,aIKh lsÍu Tyq úiska lrk ,§'

mßÉfþo 8lska yd msgq 258 lska hqla; jQ fï lD;sh

úisjk ishjfia m< jQ n,mEï iy.; úpdr lD;shla f,i

ie,lsh yels h¡ th kj úpdrjd§ .=rel=,fha ìysùug moku

iemhQ m%Odk lD;shla úh¡ tmaikaf.a wOHhkhg ,la jQ

lúj,ska Tyqg yuq jQ wdldr i;l nyq w¾:jdÖ mo ms<sn|

lreKq ±laùu tu lD;sfha wruqK ù we;¡ fmdf;a tla

mßÉfÊohla tl ixYhlg fjka lr we;¡ NdIdfõ we;s jHxckd

.=Kh ke;fyd;a ys;=jlaldÍ iajNdjh tmaikag m%fya,sldjla

jQ wdldrh fï lD;sfhka y÷kd .; yels h¡zzRcq lshùfuka

i|yd wod< jk uQ,sl ixl,am ish,a, u mdfya tys úuiqug

,la j we;¡ fuh taldldÍ iajNdjfhka hqla; wiSre fldgila

nj ßpâia u tys ix{dmkfha olajhs ^tu(vii &¡

3¡ ;=ka jk fldgi úYaf,aIKh hk wre; fok wek,sisia

hk mofhka kï fldg we;¡ 179 isg 304 olajd msgq óg fjka

flÍ we;¡ th mßÉfÊo 8 lg fjka lr we;¡ tajd kï"

I¡ w¾: j¾. i;r

II¡ id,xldr ni

III¡ nqoaêh yd yeÕSï

IV¡ ldjHdlD;s

V¡ wkqÑ; ixksY%h yd iqmqreÿ m%;spdr

VI¡ Ndjd;sIh ùu yd jdrKh

VII. ¡ lú oyu

VIII¡ ;dlaIKsl wdl,amk ^ presuppositions& yd úpdrYS,S

mQ¾jl,amk ^ preconceptions &

4¡ isõ jk fldgi idxrdxYh yd ks¾foaY f,i olajd we;¡ th

310 isg 351 olajd msgqj,ska bÈßm;a lr we;¡ fï fldgi

mßÉfÊo 3 lg fnod ;sfí¡ ta mßÉfÊo ;=k kï fldg

we;af;a

1¡ m%{ma;s.; ixialD;sh

2¡ ufkdaúoHdfõ fiajh

3¡ Ñls;aidj i|yd jQ fhdackd hkqfjks¡

fï o< úia;rfhka ßpâiaf.a zzm%dfhda.sl úpdrhZZ lD;sfha

jHqyh ms<sn| hï wjfndaOhla ,efnkakg we;ehs is;ñ¡

Tyqf.a úpdr l%uh jQfha idys;Hh mÀ;h (Text) tys

ft;sydisl" iudc" wd¾Ól" fN!ñl" ixialD;sl" jd¾.sl" ,sx.sl

wdoS ish¨ ikao¾Nhkaf.ka yqol,d j f.k lshùu hs' mÀ;fha

jpk ;=< ksu.ak j tys wre;ays lsñfoñka lshùu Tyqf.a

m%;sIaGdj úh' mqkreo wjêfha idys;H lD;s wOHhkh lsÍfï

§ th iqúfYaIs ft;sydisl ksfïIhla f,i i,ld tys oDYHudk

iudc wd¾Ól foaYmd,ksl ,laIK yd rEmdldrhka ms<sn|

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

44 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 45

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

flaïì%Ê úpdrlfhl= jQ t*a'wd¾' f,úia tmaikaf.a lD;sh

ms<sn| ish úpdrfha § i|yka lrkq ,enqfha —fuu lD;sh

lúh úIfhys b;d ndOdldÍ tlla jk nj hs' ta th lúh

úIfhys oekqu Ndú; lrkqfha .Ks;h úIfhys oekqu Ndú;

lrkakdla fuka ùu ksid h˜hs Tyq mejiS h' fï w;s ióm

lshùï udos,sh lsisfjl+ úiska fyda wkqu; fkd lrk ,§' à'

tia' t<shÜ Bg .¾yd lrñka mejiqfõ fuh úpdrfha —foys

ñßlk .=rel=,h˜ jk njhs'

t*a'wd¾' f,úia

(Frank Raymond Leavis)

bx.%Sis idys;H wOHhkfha flaïì%Ê mqfrda.dókaf.a

wjika mqrel jQfha t*a' wd¾' f,úia h' Tyq meyeos,s j u

ì%;dkH idys;Hh úpdrfha úis jk ishjfia n,mEï iy.;u

pß;h úh' 1929 § Tyq Q.D. Roth ^frda;a& yd újdy úh' miq j

weh m%p,s; jQfha lHq¡ã' f,úia f,isks' f,úia ish wdpd¾h

Wmdê ksnkaOh lrkq ,enqfha m;% l,dj yd idys;H w;r

iïnkaOh ms<sn| j h' Tyqf.a ìß| frda;a" ckm%sh m%nkaO l;d

ms<sn| ,shk ,§' fïjd tu wjêfha fmr<sldÍ ud;Dld úh'

fï ksid u 1930 ld,fha § fï hqj< flfrys uy;a wdl¾IKhla

yd f.!rjdorhla mej;sK' 1932 oS Tjqka Scrutiny - —úu¾Ykh˜

kï iÕrdj mgka f.k mqrd jir 21la u ta fo fokdf.a

uykaisfhka tu iÕrdj mj;ajd f.k hk ,§' iÕrdfõ

kñka wjOdrKh jk mßos u tu.ska zióm lshùïZ l%ufõoh

lúfhka Tíng hñka kj l;dj yd wfkl=;a idys;H l,dx.

fj; jHdma; lrk ,§'

úpdrlfhl= f,i f,úiaf.a m%Odk u wvqmdvq jQfha

Tyqf.a ióm lshùï ;=< b;d os.= Wmqgd oelaùï yd ta i|yd

mqÿu ysf;k úosfya b;d l=vd úfõpk bosßm;a lsÍu hs' nqoaêu;a

mdGlhska f,úia tys ÿgq foh olskafkah hk wNsHqm.ukh

Bg fya;= mdol úh' Tyq u th úfgl mjid ;sfí' Tyq hï

mÀ;hla lshjk úg th ikak lsÍu fndfyda úg lrkq ,nhs'

tfuka u idys;Hh flfrys Tyqf.a t<Uqu imqrd u wdOHd;añl

fõ' wdOHd;añl ùfï wruqK jQfha mdGlhdg Ôú;h ms<sn|

tydg f.dia úl,am w¾: fj; .uka lsÍug we;s yelshdjZZ

Tyqf.a ú.%yhg ,la fõ¡ f,aLlhdf.a wNHka;r m%;súfrdaO;d

.fõIKh lsÍug lúh fhdod .ekSu tmaikaf.a lshùï udÈ,sh

úh¡ Tyq ±lajQ ixYh i;aj. fufia h¡

1¡ m<uq ixYh mo j¾.h rEml hs¡ fjkia .=Kj,ska hq;a ixl,am

folla tl iudk f,i i,loa § fuh isÿfõ (Empson,1949:1-

47)¡

2¡ tla joklska folla fyda Bg jeä w¾: m%udKhla ckkh

lrk úg¡tl u moh fjkia rEml folla f,i f.k tmaika

fï lreK meyeÈ,s lrhs¡ ^tu(48-101&

3¡ tl u jpkhg ikao¾N foll § we;s jk fjkia w¾:

^tu(102-132&¡

4¡ tlÕ úh fkdyels w¾: lsysmhla we;s ksid l;=jrhdf.a

is; ;=< ;snQ foa meyeÈ,s lr .ekSfuka ksrjq,a lr .; hq;=

mo¡ fvdka iy fIalaIamsh¾f.a lD;s WodyrKhg f.k we;

^tu(133-154&'

5¡ ,sùfï ld¾hfha § l;=jrhd ish woyia m%ldY lrk úg we;s

jk wre;a ixYh¡l;=jreka fofofkl= ^fI,S iy iaúkan¾ka&

úiska lrkq ,enQ m%ldY folla w;r uOH w¾:hla .kakd

Wmudjla fuys § tmaika úia;r lr we; ^tu(155-175&'

6¡ m%ldYh lsis;a w¾:hla ckkh fkdlrk úg lshjkakdg

iajlSh jQ w¾:hla iïmdokh lr .ekSug n, lrk wjia:d¡

l;=jrhd iuÕ mdGlhd .efgk wjia:djla f,i fuh

ye¢kaúh yels h ^tu(176-191&¡

7¡ l;=jrhdf.a ukfia uQ, l,dmhla úoydmdk ikao¾Nh ;=<

m%;smlaI.; jQ jpk hq.au¡ fYaalaIamsh¾" lSÜ l%efIdaõ"

fydmalskaia yd y¾nÜf.a lD;s fuys § ie,ls,a,g f.k we;

^tu(192-133&¡

Tyqf.a lD;sfha 8 jk mßÉfÊofhka idys;H úpdrhg

fhdod.; fkdyels tfy;a NdIdfõ we;s ;j;a ixYhka ms<sn|

j o wjOdkh fhduq fldg we;¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

46 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 47

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

rpkdjla hï ld,hlg isud fkd fõ' th ish¨ ld,hg u

wh;a fõ' fï woyi jvd ;sj% f,i m%ldY l< úpdrlfhl=

f,i

fnka fcdkaika

ye|skaúh yels h' Tyq

ú,shï

fIalaIamsh¾f.a

lD;s ms<sn| mejeiqfõ tajd i¾jld,sk

w.hlska hq;= nj hs'

2' idys;Hh mÀ;hg thg u wdfõKsl jq wre;la we;'

idys;Hh lD;shl wka;¾.; jkqfha tys u w¾:h hs' th

ljr fyda ikao¾Nhl ia:dk.; lsÍfï isß úis;=re

l%shdj,shla wjYH ke;' iuyr úg tu ikao¾Nh

(I) iudc- foaYmd,k - úfYaI iudc jgmsgdjla fyda

foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhla fyda ikao¾Nhla úh yels h'

.ïfmr<sh WodyrKhg .;fyd;a tys iudc

foaYmd,k ixo¾Nh jkqfha ,xldfõ hg;a úð;

ck iudcfha isg mYapd;a hg;aúð; cd;sl

jHdmdrj, ke.Su olajd h¡ l,d lD;shl iudc

foaYmd,k ikao¾Nfha n,mEu ±lsh yels h¡ hï

wjêhl idys;H ks¾udKhla wOHhkh lsÍfuka

;;a wjêfha iudc foaYmd,k wd¾Ól f;dr;=re

fidhd .ekSug yels jkafka tu lD;sh yd mQ¾fjdala;

iudc jHqy ;=< ikao¾N .; j we;s fyhsks¡ wfkla

w;g idys;H ks¾udKh ksrEms; pß; isoaê wdÈh

tu ikao¾Nfhka mßndysr j ;nd lshùu o l<

fkd yels h¡ ,snr,a udkjjd§ka fhdackd lrkqfha

fï ikao¾N lshùu idys;H úpdrhg wod< fkd

jk ld¾hhla njhs¡

(II) idys;Hd;aul - ft;sydisl - hï lD;shla fjk;a

rplhkaf.a idys;Hd;aul n,mEu iys; ks¾udKhla

f,i oelsh yels h' ke;fyd;a ljr fyda idïm%odhsl

iqúfYaIs idys;H m%j¾.hla u.ska yev.iajk ,o

lD;shla f,i oelSu fyda .ïfmr<shg fpfldaõf.a

fpß ´pdâ lD;sfha wdNdIh we;a o hkak¡ fiùu

tjekakls¡ b;sydilrK kjl;d f,i ie,lsh

yels .=Kodi wurfialrf.a zz

wi;H l;djl

aZZ

lshd §u yd udkj .=KO¾u iïfm%aIKh hs' Tyqf.a úpdr

fhÿï lsisod uekúka w¾: olajd ke;' 1930 § frfka fj,ela

(Rene Wellek) úiska Tyqf.a úpdr fhÿï meyeos,s lrk f,i

l< b,a,su Tyq m%isoaêfha m%;slafIam lrk ,§'

fï úpdrl ixjdoh yd ueosy;a ùïj, m%;sM,hla f,i

idys;H wOHhkh ;j;a flaj, úIhla njg m;a úh' fï

j¾Okh wOHhkh l< úg fmfkkqfha idys;Hh wOHhk

úIhka ;=klska .e,ù iajdëk Ndjhg m;a jQ nj hs' tajd kï

1' NdId wOHhkh

2' b;sydi wOHhkh

3' o¾Ykjd§ .eg¨ wOHhkh hkdosh hs'

1930 isg 1960 ld,h olajd fï úIhka tlsfklska fjka

j fmdÿ tlÕ;djlska ish iSudjka ,l=Kq lr .ekSu olakg

yels úh' 1960 isg werfUk kHdh "Theory" jHdmD;sfha

wruqK jQfha mQ¾jfhka iajdëk úIhka f,i fjka jQ NdIdj"

b;sydih yd o¾Ykh hkdoS úIhka iuÕ idys;Hh h<s iïnkaO

lsÍuhs' tlg ;sî fjka j .sh YdLd w;r we;s in|;dj fjk;a

whqrlska h<s ia:dms; lsÍuhs'

,snr,a udkjjdofha m%Odk ,laIK

idys;Hh wOHhkh i|yd fndfyda l,la ;siafia

úpdrfõ§ka /ila úiska úúOdldrfhka lrkq ,en we;s

iïNdjH úpdr ixl,am ish,a, tla l=vhla hgg f.k tau

mSg¾ fnÍ úiska lr we;¡ Tyqf.a Ten tenets of liberal humanism

hk fldgfia ±lafjk lreKq my; ±lafõ¡ ,snr,a

udkjjdofhys oDYHudk ,laIK ta wkqj my; mßos ixlaIsma;

l< yels h' tys jq we.ehsï" úYajdi yd ms<s.eksï óg we;=<;a

fõ'

1' fyd| idys;Hh ks¾udKfha i¾jld,Sk w.hla we;' idys;Hh

lD;shla rpkd jk wjêfha mj;sk iSudjka yd úfYaI;d

idys;Hh lD;sh úiska blaujd hkq ,eìh hq;= h' tu.ska

ukqIH;ajfha ksh; iajNdjh m%ldYhg m;a flf¾' tjeks

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

48 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 49

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fndfydauhla úoHd¾Òka yd Ydia;%{fhda fï ikao¾N

wOHhkh lsÍfï w.h wjOdrKh lr;s' f;da,aiaf;dahsf.a

lD;sj, ±lafjk ;;a wjêfha iudc wd¾Ól lreKq jeks

iudc úoHd;aul foaYmd,k úoHd;aul fyda wd¾Ól

úoHd;aul lreKq flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu fyda tajd

u;=msgg f.k tau úoHd¾Òkaf.a ld¾hhls¡ th úpdrlhdf.a

ld¾hhla fkd fõ¡ lvodisfha we;s jpkj, fYa%IaG;ajh

yd iaj-m%dudKsl;ajh wjOdrKh lsÍu úpdrlhd úiska

lrkq ,eìh hq;= ld¾h hs¡ ióm lshùï t<Uqu yd iïnkaO

jQ úpdrlfhda ish úpdrh zzoDYHudk ióm lshùu˜ kue;s

l%shdj,shg Ndr fo;s' fï l%shdj,sh u.ska mÀ;h imqrd u

mq¾fjdala; ikao¾N fj;ska bj;a flfrhss' tu.ska mqyqKq

ukfia wdOdrfhka ikao¾Nh yd wkH oDIaájdo flfrka

woDYH wkdOdÍ mßl:khla bosßm;a flfrhs'

3' mÀ;h wOHhkh lsÍug fyd| u ud¾.h kï mÀ;fha jpk

wOHhkh lsÍu hs' mq¾jfhka ksYaph lr.;a hula t ;=<

fiùfï wfmalaIdfjka th wOHhkh fkd l< hq;= h'

mÀ;hl jd.auh úYaf,aIKfha § mQ¾j oDIaájd§

ms<s.ekSïj,ska ñosh hq;= h' foaYmd,ksl mQ¾j fldkafoais"

ljrdldrhl fyda úfYaI n,dfmdfrd;a;= wdosfhka

wOHhkh ñosh hq;= h' fï ish¨ mQ¾jdfmaCId 19 jeks

ishjfia úiQ m%lg úpdrlfhl= jQ

ue;sõ wd¾fkda,aâ

mejiQ

mßos úpdrfha ienE l%shdj,shg yeu úg u udrl f,i

n,mE yels h' th Tyqf.a u jpkj,ska mejiqfõ —To See

The Object As In Itself It Really Is ˜hkqfjks ^jia;=j ;;H

f,i u t;=< mj;sk whqßka u ne,Su&'

4' mÀ;h ñksia iajNdjh ms<sn| ksh; úYaj i;Hla fy<sorõ

lrhs' ukao h;a ljr jhfia jqj o yeu ;eku isák

ñksiqka tl iudk jk fyhska ñksia iajNdjh ksh; yd

fkd fjkia tlla jk neúks' ,d,idj" Ndj" muKla fkd

j ;;a;ajhka mjd udkj b;sydih mqrd u h<s h<s;a tlajka

j oelsh yels h' tu wúÉýkak;dj idys;Hh u.ska

wkq.ukh lsÍu kùlrKhkag jvd jeo.;a yd iqúfYaIsfõ'

zz

fm%aufha i;H l;dj

ZZhk l;doajh ,xldfõ jfï

jHdmdrfha ì|jeàu yd 1971 ;reK jHdmdrfha

ke.sàu f;aud fldg rpkd ù we;¡ fï lD;s fol

úpdrhg ,la lsÍfï § ta ft;sydisl ikao¾Nhg

.uka l< yels h¡ ,snr,a udkjjd§ka mjikqfha

tfia fkd hd hq;= nj hs¡ b;sydilrK m%nkaO

kue;s idys;H m%j¾.hg fuka u h:d¾:jd§ kjl;d

hk m%j¾.hg o fï lD;s we;=<;a l< yels h¡ tu

m%j¾.j, ,laIK" tjeks fjk;a lD;s yd tu

idys;H iïm%odfha b;sydih hkdÈh o tjeks

lshùul § jeo.;a fõ¡ ta ish,a, wjYH fkd jk

nj udkjjd§ úpdrfha tla .=re l=,hl woyi úh¡

(III) iajhx pß;dmodkh kï ikao¾Nh - f,aLlhdf.a

fm!oa.,sl f;dr;=re yd Tyqf.a woyia wdosh wkqj

idys;H úpdrh lsÍu ñka woyia fõ¡ ixialD;sl

Ôúfhl= f,i f,aLlhdf.a Ôjk ;;= imqrd u

idys;H ks¾udK ;=<g meñfKa¡ WodyrKhla f,i

irÉpkaøf.a kdgH .;fyd;a Tyq Ôú;fha ,enQ

w;a±lSï u Tyqf.a kdgH ;=< m%;s ks¾udKh ù we;¡

whsrdf.a kslauhdu

ukfï

ks¾udKhg;a

iqfka;%df.a kslau hdu

isxyndyq

ks¾udKhg;a fya;=

ù we;s nj fmfka¡ fndfyda f,aLlhka

iïnkaOfhka ish pß; l;dj fmr<d ks¾udK

;=< m%;s ks¾udKh jk whqre ±lsh yels h¡ fï

ms<sn| ;j;a f;dr;=re i|yd ta¡ ù¡ iqrùr úiska

ixialrKh lrkq ,en we;s

ks¾udK miqìu

lD;sh

lshùu jà¡ fï lD;sh i|yd irÉpkaø ud¾áka

úl%uisxy" fla¡ ch;s,l" Ô¡ î¡ fiakdkdhl" uy.u

fialr" ohdkkao .=Kj¾Ok jeks m%ùKhka odhl

ù we;¡ Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK i|yd jQ miqìï tys úia;r

fldg we; ^iqrùr" 2000&¡

Wmkaod isg" l¿ksl

fiùu

wdÈfha úl%uisxy olajd we;s ish Ôjk pß;h

ms<sn| f;dr;=re yd .ïfmr<sfha ;;HdNdIh ms<sn|

we;s lreKq¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

50 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 51

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

hq;= h' WodyrKhla yeáhg w,xldrhla fyda Wmud rEmldoS

lsisjla lD;sh yd wfNaoH f,i wkql,kh ù fkd mej;sh

fyd;a th yqÿ ieris,a,la jkjd úkd ienE mßl,amkSh

ksuejqula njg m;a fkd fõ' fld,aßÊf.a Biographia

Listeraria lD;sfha zzFanciful ˜ yd —Imaginative ˜ f,i oaúfNaos;

j olajd we;af;a fï fjki hs'

8' idys;Hh lD;shla i;H f,i ñksia w;aoelSï yd ñksia

iajNdjh m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfï § wjHdc yd wjxl úh hq;=

h' wjxllu idys;H NdIdj ;=< ,eÕ=ï f.k ;sìh hq;=

.=Khls' NdId;aul m%;sks¾udKfha § pß; isoaê yd ;;a;ajhka

h:d meje;afuka fndfyda fjkia yd ÿria f,i m%;sks¾udKh

úh yels h' túg th ujkqfha udhdjls' NdIdfõ we;s foaj,a

yd jpk w;r mj;akd wiïnkaO .=Kh fkdfyd;a ys;=jlaldÍ

iïnkaOh ^fuh jHqyjdoh ;=< .eUqßka wOHhkh flf¾&'

u;= fkd jk mßos ks¾udK lsÍu fuys § wfmalaId lrk ,§'

9' idys;Hfha we;s w.h kï th wm Ôj;a jk iudcfha h:d

iajNdjh wmg fmkaùu hs' tfy;a th lrkqfha foaYlfhl=

f,i fkd fõ ^mshodi isßfiakf.a fndfyda kjl;dj,

we;s È.= foaYk tu idys;Hh lD;sj, w.h ySk l< nj

fuys § jeo.;a fõ&' idys;H th wmg fmkajkqfha pß;"

isoaê iy m%;súfrdaO;d u.ska kdgldldrfhks' th tÈßùr

irÉpkaø mejiqfõ zzldjHh" ldka;djl fuka Wmfoia

lshhsZZ hkqfjks ^1987(51&¡ ^Ñka.Sia whs;aud;õf.a .=re .S;h"

iqÿ kej" iuq.ksñ .=,aidß" cñ,d jeks lD;s;a fla' wd¾'

kdrdhkaf.a fndfydauhla kjl;d;a lshjkak&¡ th

lsisúfgl;a m%o¾Ylfhl= f,i l%shd fkd lrhs'

10' idys;H úpdrfhka flfrkqfha mÀ;h u; mokï j

idys;Hh ks¾udK ks¾jpkh lsÍu hs' tfyhska mdGlhd

mÀ;h u; mokï úh hq;= h' mÀ;h yd mdGlhd w;rg

oDIaÀjdo f.k tau úpdrlhd úiska fkd l< hq;= h' fï

woyi úfYaI wjOdkhlska m%ldY l< t*a'wd¾' f,úiaf.a

zzTactile enactment˜ úpdr Ndú;h — The Enactment Fallacy˜

f,i .¾yd;aul j kï lrñka ^mekjqï ñ;Hdj&

kj;dj ke;fyd;a wmQ¾j;ajh tfia;a ke;fyd;a mqoa.,

m%;sNdj .¾ydjg ,la lsÍu olajd fï ms<s.ekSu ÿr os. .sfha

h' 1759 isg 1766 olajd fj¿ï 9lska m< lrkq ,enQ f,darkaâ

iag¾kaf.a —The Life And Opinion Of Tristram Shandy

Gentleman" kue;s ydiHd;aul kjl;dj

ieuqfj,a

fcdkaika

^1709-1784& úiska m%isoaêfha .¾ydjg ,la lrk

,È' tu lD;sh Trisrtam Shandy kue;a;df.a Ôú; l;dj

mßoafoka rpkd jQjls' tys ;j;a fndfyda w;=re l;d o we;'

fï wdlD;sh kjH iajNdjhla .kshs' th idys;Hfha

wúÉýkak;dj ì|skakla h hkak fcdkaikaf.a woyi úh'

5' mqoa., flakaøSh;ajh - wm tlsfkldf.a wNHka;r i;Hhg

weu;Sfï yelshdj idys;H ks¾udKhg we;' tlsfkldf.a

fjkia jk uu;ajh flfkl=f.a wNHka;r idrfha

meje;aug wjYH h' fï wNHka;r uu;ajhg ;ud jgd we;s

ndysr iudc n,fõ. wNsNjd hdfï yelshdj we;' mqoa.,hd

úiska wm wjg mßirh fjkia lrhs hk ms<s.ekSu fuys

we;' tfy;a mqoa.,hd iudÔh i;a;ajfhl= f,i yd fN!;sl

mßirhg m%;spdr olajkafkl= f,i tu.ska fjkia ùug

yd ixj¾Okhg m;a fõ' fï mqoa., flakaøSh;ajh pd,aia

älkaiaf.a idys;H iïm%odh ;=< oelsh yels h'

6' idys;Hfha wruqK imqrd u Ôú;h mD:q, lsÍu;a ñksia

w.hka me;srùu;a h' kuq;a th l< hq;af;a ixúOdkd;aul

ld¾hhla mßoafoka fkd fõ' idys;Hh fyda úpdrh iDcq j

yd m%lg j foaYmd,ksl fõ kï túg tajd wksjd¾h f,i

u m%pdrljdoS;ajh foig fhduq fõ' lSÜ ^Keats & mejiQ mßos

zzmeyeos,s ie,eiaula wm u; mgjk idys;Hh wmf.a

wúYajdihg ,la fõ˜' fï ixl,amh wkqj idys;Hh" meyeos,s

j u wm mßj¾;khg ,la lrkq ,nhs' ke;fyd;a wmf.a

woyia fj; idys;H n,mEu wjYH h'

7' idys;H ks¾udKfha wdlD;sh yd wka;¾.;h ftkaøSh j

noaO úh hq;= h' ukao tlla wfkl u;af;a wksjd¾h f,i

u j¾Ok jk fyhsks' idys;H wdlD;sh iïmQ¾K l<

jHqyhlg mßndysßka tl;= l< ieris,a,la n÷ fkd úh

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

52 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 53

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

3 mßÉfþoh3 mßÉfþoh

3 mßÉfþoh3 mßÉfþoh

3 mßÉfþoh

weßiafgdag,a isg t*a' wd¾' f,úia olajd

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdrlhka úiska Y;j¾Idosl ld,hla

;siafia ;ks ;ks j iïmdokh l< úúO oekqï úfYaI fuys oS

tla l=vhla hg talrdYS lsÍug W;aidy .kq ,enqfjñ¡ 1970

muK jk f;la u bx.%Sis idys;H W.;a msßi udkjjdoS woyia

úúO f,aLlhkaf.a fm!oa.,sl woyia f,i wOHhkh l<

w;r tajd ,snr,a udkjjd§ f,an,fhka talrdYS fldg W.;af;a

ke;¡

19 jk ishji ;rï uE; ld,fha idys;H wOHhk

Ydia;%d,hSh j werfUkakg fmr idys;H ri ú|Su"

ks¾udKlrKh" idys;Hfha iajNdjh hkdoS lreKq ms<sn| ishjia

.Kkl mgka úúO fm!oa.,sl ueosy;aùï oelsh yels h¡ ta

ish¨ woyia fm< .eiaùu" f.dkq .; lsÍu" iQ;%.; lsÍu"

m%j¾.j,g fnoSu wdosh idys;H wOHhkh Ydia;%d,hSh j

wdrïN ùfuka wk;=re j isÿ jQ tajd fõ¡

uq,a u wjêfha isÿ jQ fm!oa.,sl uÜgfï ueosy;aùï

fj;g fhduq jqjfyd;a .%Sl yd ,;ska uQ,hka fj; wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍug isÿ fõ¡ fu jeks uq,a u ffioaOdka;sl ueosy;aùu

weßiafgdag,af.a fmdhála lD;sh hs¡ Tyq ish lD;shg ,nd oS

we;s ix{d kduh ^fmdhála hkak& u|lg wu;l l< fyd;a

tys úia;r ù we;af;a iuia; idys;H ms<sn| j u fõ¡

weßiafgdag,a úiska fYdaldka; ms<sn| m%;p,s; ks¾jpkhla

bosßm;a lrk ,os¡ idys;Hfha we;af;a pß; hs¦ tu pß; l%shdj

;=<ska fy<s fõ¦ hkak Tyq wjOdrKh lf<a h. t fuka u jia;=

úldYkfha oS wjYH úúO woshrhka y÷kd .ekSug Tyq W;aidy

lr we;. idys;H úIfhys mdGl flakaøSh t<Uqu ixj¾Okh

ùu werôfha weßiafgdag,af.ks. Tyq kdgHh ms<sn| wjOdkh

úfõpkhlg ,la lrk James Gribble fï ms<sn| m%udKj;a

ú.%yhla lr we; ^n,kak Gribble, James.,1983 &'

by; oela jQ m%Odk ms<s.ekSï úYajdi yd woyia fmdÿfõ

ksoyia udkjjdoh f,i wo y÷kajkq ,efí' ,xldfõ idys;Hh

úpdrh úIfhys iqpß; .ï,;a m%uqL udlaishdkq úpdrlhkaf.a

ueosy;a ùu f;la u úpdr lafIa;%h wrd meje;s m%Odk t<Uqu

th fõ' Ndr;Sh úpdr ixl,am ish,a, u Ndú; lrk wdldrh

wkqj udkjjdo .Khg we;=<;a l< yels h' tu ixl,am

fjk;a ljr idys;H isoaOdka;hla iuÕ jQj ñY% fldg Ndú;

lsÍfï YlH;dj we;' tu ld¾hh uekúka u bgq lrkq ,enQfha

tÈßùr irÉpkaø úisks¡

wdYs%; .%ka:(

1¡ irÉpkaø"tÈßùr¡"1987"l,amkdf,dalh " y;r jk uqøKh" urodk( weia'

f.dvf.a¡

2¡ isßudkak ta'tï'Ô' 1961"

Ndú; úpdrh

" fld<U( f,alayjqia¡

3¡ Barry,Peter., 2002.Beginning theory. Wales: University Press.

4¡ Empson, William. "1949. Seven Types Of Ambiguity, London:Chatto and

windus¡

5¡ Gribble, James., 1983,Literary Education : a re - evaluation , UK: Cambridge

Univesity Press.

6¡ Klages " Mary ¡, 2007. Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed, New York:

Bloomsbury Academic.

7 M. A. R. Habib,2005 , A History of Literary Criticism From Plato to the

Present, Blackwell Publishing:350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020,

USA/9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK/550 Swanston Street,

Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia.

8¡ Raman Selden,Peter Widdowson,Peter Brooker,.2005. A Reader's Guide to

ContemporaryLiterary Theory,U.K: Pearson Education Limited.

9¡ Richards I. A. 1930. Practical Criticism A Study Of Literary

Judgment,(second edition), London:Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd:

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

54 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 55

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

Tyq wkqu; fkd lrk ,§¡ t fuka u iSudj blaujd .sh

ydiHh o fyf;u fy<d oelafla h¡ wo wmg idys;Hfha flakaøSh

mrud¾:h úkaokh hhs mejiQ úg tys wuq;a;la fkd yeÕ=K o

isâks Ôj;a jQ wjêfha th úma,jjd§ ueosy;aùula úh¡ úkaokh

hkak wjOdrKh lsÍu u.ska Tyq n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha idys;H

lD;s wkH f,aLkj,ska fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu hs¡ idys;Hfha

wkkHh;d ,laIKhla f,i tys m%Odk wruqK wdkkaoh

iemhSu nj Tyq úiska olajk ,§¡ wdOHd;añl lreKq fyda

Wmfoia §u wdosh tys wjfYaIhka f,i mj;S¡ bka f;dr ùu

ksid idys;H lD;shla wid¾:l ùug bv we;¡ tfy;a th

w;HdjYH wx.hla o fkdfõ¦ hk woyi Tyqf.a f,aLkj,ska

èjks; fõ¡ oeä wd.udkql+, m%;smodjkaf.ka md,kh jQ

iudchl" lú l;d wd§ ish¨ ks¾udKd;aul ld¾hhka b;d

weUqre f,i ielhg Ndckh ùu;a tajd hlaIhdf.a ms<sìUqùï

f,i .¾ydjg ,la ùu;a isÿ jQ wjêhl isâksf.a fï ueosy;a

ùu b;d úYsIag jQjls¡ whs¡ta ßpâiaf.a m%dfhda.sl úpdrhg

mQ¾jfhka idys;H úpdrh iïnkaO j rpkd jQ lD;sj,ska

fmdÿfõ idys;H ms<sn| idlÉPd l<d ñi tla tla idys;H

lD;s ms<sn| j úfYaIfhka woyia oelaùï isÿ fkd ù h¡ isâksf.a

woyia o fmdÿfõ idys;Hh ms<sn| úkd mqoa.,sl j idys;Hh

lD;s fyda idys;HfõoSka ms<sn| lrk ,o woyia oelaùï fkd

fõ¡

Y%Su;a m,sma isâksg miq j idys;H isoaOdka; úfYaIfhka

oshqKq lrkq ,enQfha 18 jk ishjfia úiQ ieuqfj,a fcdkaik aa aa a

h¡ 1709 § tx.,ka;fha iage*¾âIh¾ys Wm; ,o Tyq 1784 §

,kavkfha § ñh .sfha h¡ m%p,s; bx.%Sis YíofldaIlrejl= jk

Tyq NdId idys;H úIfhys l< iïm%odkh iqúi,a fõ¡ Tyqf.a

"Lives of the poets" iy "prefaces to Shakespeare" hk lD;soajh

u.ska l< ueosy;aùu idys;H úpdrh iDcq osjHd fõYfhka

fjka lr,Sug iu;a jQjd fia u th udkjjdofha f,!lsl

ixj¾Okfhys úfYaI j¾OkSh ksfïIhla iksgqyka lrhs¡

fcdkaikag miq j idys;H úpdrh j¾Okh jQfha

frduEkaála lú mrmqr fijfKa h¡ ú,shï j¾âiaj¾;a" tia' à'

fld,aßÊ" fcdaka lSÜ wdoSka idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; ;j;a

fhduq lrñka th fm%alaIlhdg n,mdkqfha ljrdldrfhka o

hkak meyeos,s lsÍug W;aidy lf<a h¡ Tyq oelajQ mßos

fYdaldka;hla fm%alaIlhdf.a lrek rih yd Nh Woa§mkh

l< hq;= úh. iudkqlïmkh ^sympatheia & iy iylïmkh

^empathy & hk ixl,am Tyq úiska bosßm;a lrk ,§. fï ixl,am

wkqj idudkHfhka l;d kdhlhd uqyqK fok ;;ajhka iuÕ

iudkqlïmkh ùu u.ska iylïmkhg m;a ùu woyia lrk

,§. fï Ndj w;r we;s jk iïnkaOfha m%;sM,h weßiafgdag,a

kï lf<a Ndj úfYdaOkh f,isks (catharsis) ¡ tu.ska Ndjhka

l%shdfõ fhofjk w;r tajd m%,h ùula isÿ fkd fõ¡ ^Nr;f.a

kdgHYdia;% .; ri iQ;%fha;a wNskj.=ma;" uïug"

fyaupkaødoSkaf.a ri ixl,am yd weßiafgdag,af.a fï woyia

w;r iurEmS njla oelsh yels h&¡ kdglfha ùrhd yd ;od;aufhka

^Tyqg iu jeoSfuka& fuu Ndj jHdhduh isÿ fõ ^Nr; mejiqfõ

úNdj wkqNdj jHNspdÍ Ndj ixfhda.fhka ri ksIam;a;sh isÿ

jk nj hs&¡ weßiafgdag,af.a fï woyia úúO whqßka ;ju;a

idys;H úpdrh i|yd Ndú; fõ¡ weßiafgdag,af.a ldjH Ydia;%h

ta' ù' iqrùr úiska uy;a jEhfuka hq;=j isxy,hg fmr<d we;¡

msgq 50 l muK È.= ix{dmkhla u.ska lD;sfha we;s ÿrjfndaO

;eka o ukd j ,syd we;¡ tfyhska ldjH Ydia;%h ms<sn| fuys§

o h<s lreKq ix.%y lsÍula wjYH fkd jkq we;¡

ngysr idys;H úpdrfha ;j;a jeo.;a wjia:djla f,i

Y%Su;a ms,sma isâksf.aa aa a ueosy;a ùu oelaúh yels h. Tyqf.a

wefmdf,dð T*a fmdhá% lD;sh rpkd lrk ,oafoa 1580 § h.

isâks o ,;ska lúfhl= jQ ´úâ úiska iQ;% .; lrkq ,enQ

idys;Hh ms<sn| merKs ks¾jpkh jvd mq¿,a lsÍfuys ksr;

úh. ´úâ idys;Hfha ld¾hh ie,l=fõ Decree Delictendo

fkdfyd;a wNsruKfhka bf.kSu jYfhks. fuys o< w¾:h

.;fyd;a wdkkaokSh f,i m%{dj iïmdokh lsÍu f,i i|yka

l< yels h. isâks o 8 jk ishji ;rï tmsg ld,fha frdaufha

úiQ iqm%lg ,;ska lúfhl= jQ fydaria Wmqgd olajk ,§. zzlúhla

hkq l;d lrk is;=juls¡ th oekqu;a wdkkaoh;a ,nd foaZZ¡

idys;Hh lshùfï m%Odk wruqK wdkkaoh h hkak fuys

flakaøSh wdia:dkh fõ¡ idys;H u.ska o¾Ykjdo m%ldY lsÍu

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

56 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 57

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we;s ;j;a jeo.;aluls¡ j;auka idys;H úpdrfha oS o fnfyúka

u jeo.;a .eg¨jla jk idudkH jHjydßl NdIdj yd ldjHuh

NdIdj w;r iïnkaOh y÷kd .ekSu foig fï lD;sh u.ska

b;d mQ¾j wjêfha § u wdf,dal Odrdjla t,a, lrk ,os¡ tys

u È.=jla f,i idys;Hh yd wfkl=;a f,aLk w;r iïnkaOh

úNd. lsÍu o fï lD;sfha tla úfYaI ld¾hhla úh¡

j¾âiaj¾;ag miq j frduEkaála iïm%odh ;=< idlÉPdjg

.; hq;= úpdrlhd jkqfha fld,aßÊ h¡ fkdu. hjk iq¨

kduhlska rÑ; Tyqf.a Biographia Literaria lD;sh fuys oS úfYaI

jeo.;alula Wiq,hs¡ fmdf;a ku ÿgq úg wmg isf;kqfha th

ieuqfj,a fcdkaikaf.a Lives of the Poets lD;sh jekakla úh

yels njhs¡ tfy;a tys fndfyduhla we;=<;a jkqfha j¾âiaj¾;a

ish fmdf;a (Lyrical Ballads) fmrjofka i|yka lrkq ,enQ

lreKq ms<sn| fld,aßÊf.a m%;spdrh hs¡ j¾âiaj¾;af.a lD;sfhys

úpdrhg ,la jQ fld,aßÊf.a lú ms<sn| ióm wjOdkhlska

hq;= j lshjñka lúh l=ula úh hq;= o hkak ms<sn| j iajlSh

oelau m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu fuys § isÿ úh¡ b;sß jir lsysmh ;=<

§ fld,aßÊ yd j¾âiaj¾;a ñ;=relñka o ÿria j .shy¡ lúfha

iajNdjh ms<sn| Tjqka fofokd fjkia u; folla orkakg

úh¡ ldjHuh NdIdj .oHuh NdIdjg iu lsÍug j¾âiaj¾;a

.;a W;aidyhg fld,aßÊ úreoaO úh¡ ldjH NdIdj .oH NdIdjg

iu lsÍu " lúh ys.ukg weo oud wjik wd;au kdikh

fj;g f.k hdula " f,i Tyq úiska i,lk ,§¡ fld,aßÊf.a

fuu ;¾lh wm fuf;la l;d l< fndfyduhla idys;H

úpdrlhkaf.a woyia iuÕ ukdj ieif|a¡ idys;H yd wfkl=;a

NdId;aul ld¾hhka fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu Tjqkaf.a

b,lalh úh¡ weßiafgdag,a yd isâks hk fofokdf.a u m%h;akh

ta i|yd úh¡ ldjH wkH f,aLk yd iu fkd ùu;a tys wdkkaoh

iuÕ m%{dj ine|S ;sîu;a hk ish,a,g u mokï jQfha th

rpkd lsÍug Ndú; l< iqúfYaIs NdIdjhs¡ tys § ni m%dKj;a

j Ndú;fha fhofõ¡ fi!kao¾hfõofha uQ, YslaIdjka yd ne÷Kq

fu jeks woyia fI,Sf.a A Defence of Poetry (1821) lD;sfha o

oelsh yels h¡ miq ld,Sk j ^20 jk ishjfia& úiQ reishdkq

úpdrlhka iuQyhla úiska u i|yka lrkq ,en we;s

wÈhrlska ÈhqKq lsÍug odhl jQ nj i|yka l< yels h¡ th

zzm%dfhda.sl úpdrfhaZZ bx.%Sis iïm%odfhys wdrïNh úh¡ ;ks

ks¾udKfõosfhl=f.a lD;shla ms<sn| iúia;r ú.%yhla uq,ska

u olakg yelafla Tyqf.a lD;sfha h¡ bka fmr úpdrlhkaf.a

ú.%yhg ,la jQfha Y=oao jQ nhsn,h fyda fjk;a tjeks wd.ñl

lD;shl lreKq h¡ fuys § b;d u jeo.;a lD;shla f,i

j¾âiaj¾;af.a Preface to Lyrical Ballads lD;sh oelaúh yels h¡

fï lD;sfha ix{dmkfhys Tyq iy fld,aßÊ w;r iyfhda.S

ixjdohla iïmdokh lr we;¡ fï ye|skaùu lD;shg tl;=

lrk ,oafoa 1800 § l< tys fo jk ixialrKfha § h¡ m<uqfjka

u tu lD;sh m< jQfha 1798 § h¡ m<uq lD;sfha woyia yd Tyq

uqyqK ÿka ixN%uh fo jk ixialrKh fj; fya fmd,Ujk

,os¡ lD;sh ;=< j¾âiaj¾;a úo.aO idys;H yd fmdÿ ck idys;H

ñY% lrkq ,nhs¡ .eñ ckhd úiska iïmdos;" lgjyf¾ t;=jla

mej;s cklú Tyqf.a lD;shg tla lr.kakd ,os¡ ,sßl,a

ne,âiays uq,a mdGlfhda fuu idïm%odhsl jdxuh iodpdr iSudj

ì|fy<Su ms<sn| wlue;s jQy¡ ldjHuh NdIdj b;d u lD;Su

tlla f,i fï wjêfha yev .eiS ;snqKs¡ th tosfkod Ndú;

l< idudkH NdIdfjka fndfyda fihska fjkia wdldrhlg

ilid f.k ;snqKs¡ fï iïm%odh u.ska iqúfYaIs; ldjHuh

jdxud,djla ilid ;snQ w;r tu.ska tosfkod idudkHfhka

Ndú; jk øjH i|yd o fjkia u jpk Ndú; lrk ,os¡ hï

fohlg we;s yqre mqreÿ idudkH jpkh Ndú; fkd lrk ,os¡

úis;=re l< isõ mo wdrla o ;oska yl=¿jk ,o jHdlrKhla

o u.ska tosfkod Ndú; idudkH NdIdjg jvd >kS Njkh jQ

jd.a ñY%Khla ilid ;snqKs¡

yÈiaisfha u ;reK ys;=jlaldr lùka fofofkla

^fld,aßÊ yd j¾âiaj¾;a& ish ldjHfha NdIdj .oH NdIdjg

iu fldg Ndú; lsÍug keUqre jQy¡ t;=jla iïm%odhdkql+, j

ldjHlrKh i|yd Ndú; f,aLk ffY,sh yd jdxuh jHqyh

Tjqka w;ska wNdú; úh¡ fu f,i Lyrical Ballads lD;sh wdldr

lsysmhlska jeo.;a iïm%odkhla f,i ie,lsh yels h¡ úpdrlhd

;ukaf.a u ks¾udK úpdrhg ,la lsÍu;a tajd ms<sn| ;ud u

mdGlhdg wjfndaOhla ,nd §ug bosßm;a ùu;a fï lD;sfha

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

58 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 59

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wú{dkl;ajh hk lreK wÕjd we;¡ lSÜia úiska j¾âiaj¾;a"

fld,aßÊ yd fI,S fuka úêu;a idys;Hh úpdr kHdhla ix.%y

fkd lrk ,È¡ tfy;a lúh ms<sn| Tyqf.a woyia Tyq úiska

iïmdÈ; ,smsj,ska ms<sìUq fõ¡ wú{dkl;ajfha l%shdldÍ;ajh

ms<sn| woyia Tyq úiska iQ;% .; lrkq ,en we;¡ WodyrKhla

f,i 1817 fkdjeïn¾ 22 Èk Benjamin Bailey fj; hejQ ,smsfha

Tyq fufia i|yka lrhs¡

zzthe simple imaginative Mind may have its rewards

in the repetition of its own silent Working coming

continually on the Spirit with a fine suddenness ZZ

fuys ±lafjk ukfia ksy~ l%shdldÍ;ajh (silent

working) wú{dkl;ajh hs¡ wd;auh (spirit) ;=<g th úodrKh

ùu iú{dkl;ajh hs¡ lSÜiaf.a RK yelshdj(negative capability)

kue;s ixl,amh o wú{dkl;ajh ms<sn|j u jQjls¡

frduEkaála úpdrlhkaf.a f,aLk ;=< wo ojfia

iïNdjkdjg m;a j we;s fndfyduhla úpdr isoaOdka;j, uQ,

îc tys ±lsh yels h¡ Tjqkaf.a úpdr isoaOdka; miq ld,Sk

úpdr mrmqrg wdf,dalhla imhd we;s nj bka ikd: fõ¡

frduEkaála idys;H úpdr wjêhg miq j t<fUk

m%Odk;u ixj¾OkSh wjia:dj uOH yd mQ¾j úlafgdaßhdkq

úpdr wjêh hs¡ fcda¾Ê t,shÜ" ue;sõ wdk,aâ yd fykars fÊïia

fï wjêh ksfhdackh lr;ss¡ fcda¾Ê t,shÜf.a ^George Eliot &

^wef.a ienE .eyekq ku Mary Anne fõ& úpdr iïm%odkh

fndfyduhla l,dmj, iïNdjH f,aLlhka úIfhys m%n,

n,mEula lrk ,È¡ tfuka u wehf.a rpkd mq¿,a od¾Yksl

ldrKd flfrys o meyeÈ,s n,mEula lrk ,È ^fld,aßÊ fuka&¡

bx.%Sis úpdrfha ixj¾Okh isÿ jQfha tlsfklg fjkia

ud¾. folla yryd h hk lreK fuys § u;la l< hq;= h¡ bka

tla ud¾.hla bÈßhg f.k hkq ,enQfha ieuqfj,a fcdkaika"

ue;sõ wdk,aâ" à' tia' t,shÜ" t*a' wd¾' f,úia hk wh úisks'

fudjqka wkq.ukh l< ud¾.h zzm%dfhda.sl úpdr ud¾.hZZ

f,i kï l< yels h' hï f,aLlfhl=f.a lD;shla ióm j

" ÿria:lrKh " (De-familiarisation) iu. lúh wksjd¾hfhka

u iïnkaO jk nj fI,S mejiS h¡ fI,S fmr ÿgq mßos zzlúh

jpkj, ióm;ajfha lv;=rdj bj;a lrhs¡ th wmf.a wNHka;r

oelafuka ióm;ajfha mg,h bj;a lrkq ,nhs¡ wmg oefkk

foa ú|skakg th wmg n, lr isáhs¡ wmg jegfyk foa isf;ys

ujd .ekaug th ^ldjHuh NdIdj& wmg n, lr isáhsZZ¡ fï

úYsIag úpdr lD;sh à¡ tia¡ t,shÜf.a zz wmqoa.,sl;ajh

ZZ(Impersonality) ixl,amh o fmr oel we;¡ ^t<shÜ tu ixl,amh

bosßm;a lrkq ,enQfha 1919 oS Tyqf.a g%eäIka wekaâ bkaäúcqj,a

ge,kaÜ kue;s f,aLkfha h¡ tu ,smsfha isxy, mßj¾;khla

ta¡ ù¡ iqrùrf.a

iïm%odh ks¾udKh iy úpdrh

lD;sfha we; -

1989 iy 1999" ms¡57" f.dvf.a m%ldYk&¡ t,shÜf.a tu ,smsfhka

l¾;D (Author) iy rplhd (Writer) w;r fjki olajhs¡ l¾;D

hkq l%shdj miqìfuys isákakd h¡ rplhd hkq l%shdj ;=< isákakd

hs¡ t,shÜf.a fï fnoSu l,dlrejdf.a ks¾udKfha oS fhofjk

ldhsl Y%uh yd ks¾udKd;aul uki f,i jvd;a fyd|ska

f;areï l< yels h¡ uki ixialD;sluh fõ¡ th yqÿ ksfïIhlg

iSud ù ke;¡ fï wkqj .;fyd;a lúh hkq fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï

wdY%s; iú{dkl;ajh yqfola jpkj,g fmr<Su fkd fõ¡

fI,S fï ish,a, óg jir ish .Kklg mQ¾jfhka Tyqf.a

lD;sfha iúia;r j olajk ,os¡ th Tyqf.a u jpkj,ska fufia

h( "The mind in creation is as a fading coal" uki ks¾udKh ù

we;af;a iú{dkl;ajh yd wú{dkl;ajh hk uQ,sldx.j,sks

hk f*%dhsähdkq woyi o fI,S fmr oel ;sfí¡

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdr iïm%odh ;=< úfYaI jeo.;alula

Wiq,k frduEkaála úpdrlhka lsysm fofkl= ms<sn| wms

fuf;la idlÉPd lf<uq¡ ta wkqj j¾âiaj¾;a" fld,aßÊ yd

fI,S ms<sn| wms fï jk úg idlÉPd lr we;af;uq¡ wfkla

jeo.;a u frduEkaála úpdrlhd jQ fcdaka lSÜia f.ka

frduEkaála úpdrl mrmqr ms<sn| idlÉPdj yudr fldg uOH

yd mQ¾j úlafgdaßhdkq wjêfha úpdrlhka ms<sn| idlÉPd

lsÍu foig fhduq fjuq¡

frduEkaálajdoh ;=< wú{dkl;ajh w;HdjYH wx.hla

úh¡ fcdaka lSÜia ^zzJohn KeatsZZ& lúh ms<sn| ,shQ ish,af,ys u

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

60 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 61

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iudch b;d fõ.fhka l=vd fldgiaj,g fnfoñka mej;sK¡

fmdÿ úYajdi moaO;shla" jákdlï moaO;shla ke;s iudchla

ìys fjñka mej;sK¡ iudc m%;suQ¾;Ska ;=rka j hñka ;sìK¡

Tyq wd.fuka ysia jQ ysvei mshùug idys;Hh lÈu wdfoaYlhla

f,i olsk ,§¡ tys § Tyq úYajdih ;nk ,oafoa uOHu mka;sh

u; hs¡ m%cd;ka;%jdofha nr iy j.lSu ;Èka ±fkk øjHjdoh

yd ms,sia;Skqjdoh u.ska m%.;sYS,S f,i neyer lrkq ,en we;s

uOHu mka;sh flf¾ Tyqg úYajdih ;eìh fkd yels úh¡

úpdrlhd úiska fï ñksia iudchg f,dj we;s fyd| u is;=ú,s

y÷kd .ekSug Woõ lrkq ,eìh hq;= h¡ tu.ska wod< wjêfha

rdYs N+; jQ ±kqï iïNdrfhka ksmka úYsIag lD;Skays úê

kshuhka úIfhys mqoa., leue;a; we;s lsÍfï yelshdj ,efí¡

wdk,aâf.a b;d u jeo.;a woyia .eí jkafka Tyqf.a

The fiction of criticism at the present time iy The study of

poetry hk lD;sj, h¡ Tyq idys;Hh úIfhys wkdila;Ndjfha

^disinterested & jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrk ,§¡ fyf;u bka

woyia lf<a foaYmd,k fyda fjk;a u;jdohlg ke;fyd;a

jevms<sfj<lg fyda l%shdj,shlg iïnkaO fkd ù isàu hs¡ t

u.ska idys;H úpdrfha wruqK mdßY=oaO;ajhg meñfKa¡

wdk,aâf.a wfkla m%Odk;u idys;Hh úpdr fuj,u kï

zzWr.,ZZ kue;s ixl,amh hs¡ Bg wNsu; idys;Hh úpdr .=Kdx.

ms<sn| ks¾jpkhla ke;¡ tys idudkH woyi kï w;S; idys;H

.=Kdx. ks¾Kdhlhla f,i f.k wo ojfia ks¾udKh jk

idys;H uekSu yd ;lafiare lsÍu hs¡ zzWr.,ZZ(touchstone)

ixl,amh l%shd;aul jk wdldrh ms<sn| flá ú.%yhla J.A.

Cuddon f.a zzälaIkß T*a ,sgrß g¾ïia wekaâ ,sgrß ;shßZZ

lD;sfha we;(Cuddon,J.A "1919). wdk,aâ Wr., ixl,amh

Tyqf.a The study of poetry (1881) lD;sfha § Ndú; lrkqfha

idys;Hfha m%ñ;Ska yd ks¾kdhl iuÕ iïnkaO lrñks ^Wr.,

hkq r;a;%ka ienEu r;a;%ka ± hs fiùug Wr.d n,k ., hs&¡

wdk,aâ fufia wjjdo lrhs¡ zzwmf.a isf;ys ksr;=re úYsIag

ks¾udKlrejkaf.a ks¾udK yd m%ldYk .nvd ù ;sìh hq;= h¡

tajd wkH ldjH y÷kd.ekSug Wr., fia Ndú; l< hq;= hZZ

Tyq tu.ska fhdackd lrkq ,enQfha lúh ;lafiare lsÍfï §

úYaf,aIKh lsÍu fkdfyd;a ióm lshùulg ,la lsÍu

fudjqkaf.a iïm%odh úh' mQ¾jfhka i|yka l< ud¾. foflka

wfkla ud¾.fha mqfrda.dóka jQfha ms,sma isâks" j¾âiaj¾;a"

fld,aßÊ" fcda¾Ê t,shÜ iy fykaß fÊïia hk wh fj;s' fï

u. .;a msßi fndfyda fihska úpdr ixl,am u; mokï j

úpdrfha fhÿfKda jQy' TjqyQ mÀ;h u; u je;sr ys¢ñka l<

úpdrh m%;slafIam l<y' Tjqyq idys;Hh yd iïnkaO jQ idudkH

m%Yak /ila ksrdlrKh lr.ekSu foig fhduq jQy¡ idys;H

lD;shla jHqy .; jkafka fl fia o@ th lshjkakdg fyda

Y%djlhdg n,mdkafka fl fia o@ idys;H NdIdfõ iajNdjh

l=ula o@ idys;H iuld,Sk;ajh" foaYmd,kuh" ,sx.sluh lreKq

yd iïnkaO jkafka flfia o@ od¾Yksl udkhlska ksÍlaIKh

l< fyd;a idys;H ms<sn| lsj yelafla l=ula o@ idys;Huh

ix>gkdjl yeisÍfï iajNdjh l=ula o@ jeks mÀ; flakaøSh

lshùulska mßndysr mq¿,a mßuKav,dldr lÓldjla ks¾udKh

ùug fya;= jk m%Yak /ila Tjqyq u;= l<y¡ fï msßif.a woyia

1970 oYlfha § lr<shg meñKs ffioaOdka;slhka msßif.a

iïm%dma;shg uÕ fy<s lrk ,È¡ tu ixl,am bÈßfha § fu u

.%ka:dj,sh ;=< fjk fjk u idlÉpdjg .ekSug woyia

flf¾' jHqyjdoh" udlaiajdoh" ufkda úYaf,aIKjdoh jeks

isoaOdka; idys;H úpdrh ;=< j¾Okh ùug tu.ska uÕ fy<s

lrk ,§¡

1920 ld,fha ióm lshùu u;af;ys t<ô ±ä wjOdkhg

ue;sõ wdk,aâ ^ MatthewArnold& úiska imhk ,o iïudou

iqúi,a fõ¡ ióm lshùfï Ndú;h fmr ishjfia ckm%sh

ùug wdk,aâf.a úpdr iïm%odkh yß wvlska u n,mdk ,±

hs mejiqj o jrola ke;¡ bx.S%is idys;H úpdr b;sydifha

wdk,aâ iqúfYaIs pß;hls¡ t*a¡wd¾ f,úia úiska Tyqf.a

fndfyduhla woyia yod jvd iu;sl%uKh fldg úis jk

ishjig .e<fmk f,i bÈßm;a lrkq ,eîug fya;= jQfha o ta

úfYaI;ajh hs¡ wdk,aâ Tyqg iuld,Sk j we;s fjñka mej;s

;;ajh flfrys ìh j isáfha h¡ fndfyda wk¾:ldÍ m%;s úmdl

ckkh lsÍfï úNj;dfjka hq;= iudc fjkialï /ila tjl

isÿfjñka mej;sK¡ wd.ñl ixia:dj ì| jefgñka mej;=Ks¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

62 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 63

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

ch.%yKh l< w;r bka hqoaOh ksud úh¡ tu hqo ;;a;ajh ;=<

by; i|yka l< yeÕSï yd Ñka;kh w;r fn§u we;s úKe hs

Tyq úYajdi lf<a h¡ t,shÜ fï ixfõok ú>gkh kue;s

ixl,amh m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lrkq ,enQfha wdOHd;añl

ldjHj, tk ukfia iy ixfõ§;dfõ úfYaI ,laIK úia;r

lsÍu i|yd h¡ fï ixl,amh ms<sn| b;d fyd| úpdrhla Franka

Kermode f.a Romantic Image lD;sfha we;¡

zzwmqoa.,sl;ajhZZ kue;s ixl,amh frduEkaálajdoh ;=<

ksmka ldjHfha m%;sNd .=Kh yd tys we;s iaj m%ldYkh jeks

lreKqj,ska t,shÜ fjkia j .uka .;a wjia:djla f,i

i|yka l< yels h¡ t,shÜf.a u fm!¾Ih;a Tyq ydj¾â

iriúfhka ,nd ;snQ wOHdmkh;a mqoa.,sl;ajh ms<sn| wreÑh

Tyq ;=<g tkak;a fldg ;sfnkakg we;¡ ta wkqj lúh hkq

mqoa., ye.Sï yd mqoa.,sl w;a±lSï je.srùula fkd j mqoa.,sl;ajh

iïm%odh ms<sn| ±kqu u.ska blaujd hEula jk nj Tyq úiska

olajk ,§¡ lúhd úiska l;d lrkq ,nkafka;a lúh u.ska

fm%aIKh lrkqfha;a tu iïm%odhdkq.; ú±lau hs¡ lúhl fyd|

u fldgia jkqfha lúhdg mQ¾j.dóka lúhd ;=<ska weu;Su

ksid m%ldYhg m;a jk wx. hs¡ lúfha we;s uQ, (Original)

ks¾udK ixrpl ^lúhd úiska olajk Tyqf.a u woyia yd

is;=ú,s ke;fyd;a m%;sNdfõ M,& ta w.h fkd ,nhs¡ fu u.ska

mqoa., ukfia úi,a ÈúfNaohla m%ldYhg m;a fõ¡ ta ukqIH

ixfõokh yd ldjH NdIKh w;r fjki hs¡ fuh ;kslr u

t,shÜf.a u woyila fkd fõ¡ fuh fI,S o ish A Defence of

poetry lD;sfha olajd we;s woyils¡ tfy;a tu ixl,amh iuia:

ldjH fi!kao¾h fõoh ;=< m%;sIagdjla f,i ;yjqre lrk

,oafoa t,shÜ úisks¡

zzúIh uQ,sl iyiïnkaOlZZ fkdfyd;a wdkqNúl

iyiïnkaOl kue;s fuys i|yka l<" t,shÜf.a wfkla jeo.;a

u ixl,amh bx.%Sis wkqN+;sjd§ woyiaj, u iïmsKavkhls¡

thska woyia lrkq ,enQfha l,dj ;=< ye`.Sï m%ldY lsÍfuys

fyd| u úêh jkqfha iDcq j fyda iúia;r j ±laùu fkd j

ljr fyda bx.s;hla" wNskhla fyda uQ¾; ixfla;hla hdkh

b;sydiuh fyda yqÿ fm!oa.,sl fkd jk i;H l%ufõohla

mokï lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj hs ^J.A.Cuddon "980.p &¡

20 jk ishjfia uq,a w¾Ofha ì%;dkH ;=< m%uqL úpdrl

msßi jQfha t*a'wd¾' f,úia" à¡tia¡ t,shÜ" ú,shï tmaika iy

whs¡ta' ßpâia hk wh hs¡ fï ish¨ fokd w;=ßka à¡tia¡t,shÜ

^Thomas Stearns Eliot & 1920 isg 1930 ld,h olajd flaïì%Ê

úYajúoHd,h ;=< bx.%Sis b.ekaùfï ,d mqfrda.dó fiajdjla

bgq lrk ,È¡ Tyqf.a idys;H kHdhkays n,mEu 1970 oYlh

jk f;la u f,dj mqrd me;sr mej;sK¡ Tyqf.a idys;Hh isoaOdka;

f,dj mqrd b;d by< w.hla w;am;a lr .eksK¡ Tyq bÈßm;a

l< m%Odk úpdr ixl,am kï(

1' y¾n¾Ü .sh¾ika úiska ixialrKh l< The metaphysical

Poets lD;shg Tyq úiska iïmdokh lrkq ,enQ úpdr ,smsfha

we;=<;a zzixfõok ú>gkhZZ (Dissociation of sensibility) kue;s

ixl,amh,

2' Tyqf.a fldgia follska hq;a zziïm%odh iy mqoa., m%;sNdjZZ

kue;s f,aLkfha ixj¾Okh lr we;s zwmqoa.,sl;ajhZ

(Impersonality) kue;s ixl,amh yd

3' Tyqf.a zzyeï,Ü .ek rpkhZZ kue;s lD;sfha tk zzúIhuQ,sl

iyiïnkaOlZZ (Objective correlative) hk ixl,amh

hkdosh hs¡

fï ish¨ u woyia újdod;aul tajd fõ¡ Tyq i|yka

lrk mßos ixfõok ú>gkh tx.,ka;fha isÿ jQfha 17 jk

ishjfia § h¡ bka woyia jQfha /äl,a f,i Ñka;kh yeÕSïj,ska

fjka ùu hs¡ fuh fuf,i isÿ jQ njg ft;sydisl idlaIs

lsisjla ke;¡ fï fn§u tx.,ka; isú,a hqoaO iufha isÿ úKe

hs Tyq miq j i|yka lrk ,§¡ tx.,ka;fha isú,a hqoaO"

md¾,sfïka;=j iy rc mjq,a w;r we;s jQ wNHka;r .egqï

wdÈh óg fya;= jQ nj Tyq olajhs¡ 1642 isg 1651 jk f;la

wjia:d 4l § fuf,i isú,a hqoaO we;s úh¡ 1651 iema;eïn¾ 03

jk Èk fudleiag¾ys mej;s hqoaOfhka md¾,sfïka;= lKavdhu

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

64 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 65

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

kï Tng úYajdifhka hq;= j kj ks¾udKhla foi n,d ta

ms<sn| ienE ;Skaÿjlg t<öfï yelshdj we;ZZ¡ fï

fm%df;ia;ka; fi!kao¾hjdoh yqol,d lshjkakka yd úYsIag

idys;H lD;s w;r Rcq in|;djla we;s lsÍug fmd,Ujk ,È¡

f,aLlhd ms<sn| j;f.d; fyda Tjqka Èß .ekaùu wdÈh f,úiaf.a

m%;smodjg wod< fkd ù h¡ mÀ; flakaøSh úpdr l%ufõoh ;=<

mÀ;fhka mßndysr úi,a mßuKav,hlg ¨yqgd hdug wjir

fkd ;sìK¡

f,úia wdrïNfha § t,shÜf.a úpdr woyia yd ldjH

w.h lf<a h¡ tfy;a miqj Tyqf.a úpdr woyiaj, meyeÈ,s

fjkialï /ila we;s lr.kakd ,È¡ Tyqg wdfõKsl jQ úpdr

fhÿï ud,djla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu Tyq m%;slafIam lf<a h¡

ta jk úg;a jHjydrh ;=< ia:dms; j mej;s fhÿï" jpk iy

jdla iïm%odhka u úpdr fhÿï f,i Ndú; lrk ,È' zzLife ZZ

Ôú;h hkak f,úia uq¿ukska u úpdr fhÿula f,i Ndú;

lrk ,È¡ f,úia ;j;a w;lska ckm%sh ùug fya;= jQfha ieuqfj,a

fcdkaikaf.a yd ue;sõ wdk,aâf.a úpdr Ñka;djka tlsfkl

uqK.eiaùfï fm< yr mE mqoa.,hd Tyq jk neúks¡ mQ¾j.dókaf.a

iodpdrjdoh;a" kùkhkaf.a iudc ±lau;a" isoaOdka; úrys;

úpdr Ndú;hl=;a fyf;u iïmdokh lf<a h¡ f,úiaf.a úpdr

woyia ;ju;a n,mEï iy.; ;;ajhlska f,dj mqrd jHdma; j

mj;S¡

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdr iïm%odh ;=< wOHhkh l< hq;=

ish¨ u jeo.;a úpdrlhkaf.a woyia b;d ixlaIsma; f,i jQ

j fuys § wjOdkhg fhduq lrk ,È¡ ,snr,a udkjjdohg

tfrys j 1970 ld,fha u;= jQ zzisoaOdka; jHdmdrhZZ idys;Hh

úpdrfha kQ;kjd§ iïm%odh ks¾udKh lr hs¡ ,snr,a udkjjd§

woyia ms<sn| úfõpk 1930 ;rï wE; ld,fha mgka u ì%;dkHh"

weußldj iy ;j;a rgj,a fndfyduhl u;= ù we;' tys

WÉp;u wjia:dj f,i 1970 ld,fha u;= jQ ffioaOdka;sl

jHdmdrh ye¢kaúh yels h¡

fuys b;d ieflúka idlÉcd l< ish¨ úpdrlhka

ms<sn| ;jÿrg;a yeoEÍug leue;af;da D.J Enright iy Ernst De

fldg th bÈßm;a l< hq;= h hkak hs¡ t,shÜf.a ish¨ u

m%Odk úpdr ixl,am ukd j meyeÈ,s fkd l< wiïmQ¾K

Ndjfhka hq;= tajd fõ¡ fldf;la wvq mdvq mej;sh o Tyq ìys

jQ wjêfha úpdr ixl,am Odrdj ;=< mej;s ßla;h úiska fya

iïNdjkSh;ajh fj; /f.k hk ,§¡

1960 ld,fha ìys jQ zz isoaOdka; jHdmdrhgZZ (Theory

movement) fmr ìys jQ m%uqL;u ì%;dkH úpdrlhd t*a'wd¾'

f,úia fõ¡ Tyqg fmr ishjfia § ue;sõ wdk,aâ fuka u

idys;H l,d yeoEÍu yd ri ú£u iudcfha ksfrda.S meje;aug

mQ¾j fldkafoaishla jk nj f,úia o úYajdi lf<a h¡ Tyq o

idys;Hh ms<sn| yqol,d is;=ú,s w.h fkd l< w;r idys;Hh

ri úkaokh i|yd l%ufõohla fiùfï jHdjD; úh¡ tfy;a

tu l%ufõoh iaÓ;sl Wmudkhkaf.ka hqla; fkd ùu o

wfmalaIs; úh ^wdk,aâf.a Wr., fuka&¡ t jeks Wmudk mdol

úpdrhlg jvd mÀ;fha .=Kdx. mdol fldg .;a úpdr

l%ufõohla Tyq wfmalaId lf<a h¡ wdk,aâ fihska u f,úia o

idys;H fyda úpdrh foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍug ork ljr jQ

fyda m%h;akhla fõ kï th m%;slafIam lrk ,§¡

tfy;a wdk,aâ yd f,úia w;r meyeÈ,s fjkialï o

±lsh yels h¡ wdk,aâ mqrd;k iïNdjkSh f,aLl uvq,a, u wvq

jeä jYfhka f.!rjdorfhka i,lk ,§¡ WodyrKhla f,i

Tyq lsis úg vdkafÜf.a úYsIAg;ajh m%Yak fkd lrk ,È¡

vdkafÜ úpdrfha § Wr.,la f,i Ndú; l< yelafla wehs hk

m%Yakhj;a fkd k.k ,§¡ tfy;a f,úia úiska ish rpkdj,

§ fuf,i ia:dms; m%Odk idys;H ks¾udKlrejkag o úpdr

lgqieñáfhka ;,k ,È¡ Tyq Ndú;hg .;a tfuka u ks;s m;d

ks¾foaY l< ióm j mÀ;h weiqre lsÍfï ia:djrhg úreoaO j

lsisÿ lS¾;shla" /ia j<,a,la fkd mj;sk nj wjOdrKh

lrk ,È¡ th Tyqf.a l%ufõofha idrh úh¡ wdk,aâ ish úpdr

woyiaj, § wdOqkslhka ffO¾hu;a lsÍu yd Tjqka lúhka

f,i wNsfIal lsÍu;a lúj,g jr m;% §u;a fndfyda úg ±lsh

yels h¡ zzTn ish,a, lshjd ke;s fjkakg ms<sjk¡ tfy;a Tn

lD;sh fyd¢ka lshjd we;akï tys we;s w.h y÷kd .; yels

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

66 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 67

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

4 mßÉfþoh

,snr,a udkjjd§ úpdrfha ksudj fkdfyd;a

zzúpdr kHdhkaysZZ iïm%dma;sh

f,dal hqoaOhg miq t<ô jljdkqfõ idys;H l,d úpdr

Odrdjka fm,l u;= ùu olakg yels úh¡ ta iqúfYAIS oYlh

iuÕ tl,ays my< jQ úpdr isoaOdka; ish,a, wúfhdackSh

f,i ne£ mej;sK¡ fï yeu kHdhla u 1930 isg 1950 ld,h

w;r;=r úpdr Ñka;dj,sfha wdêm;Hh ord isá ksoyia udkjjd§

woyia yd m%;súreoaO Ñka;k Odrdfjda jQy¡ ñka mQ¾jfhka u

lr<shg meñKs isoaOdka; hq.,h jQfha merKs kuq;a fmdÿ ck

iudch úiska tf;la uekúka iaùlrKh fldg fkd ;snqKq

tfuka u kj m%fõYhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï YlH;dfjka

fmdfydakd udlaiajd§ úpdrh yd ufkda úYaf,aIKjdoh hs¡

udlaiajd§ úpdrh 1930 ;rï tmsg wjêfha Wm; ,nd 1960

ld,fha kj cjhlska wjê jQjls¡ ufkda úYaf,aIKjdoh o

tmßÈ u fõ¡ Bg iudka;r ld,fha § u ;j;a kj t<Uqï

folla ,snr,a udkjjdofha Ñria:dms; (Orthodox) u;jdoj,g

myr foñka my< úh¡ tajd kï NdId úpdrh yd ia;%Sjd§ úpdrh

hs¡ 1960g fmr ld,fha NdId úpdrh m%p,s; jQ w;r fï wjêfha

u;= j wd merKs ia;%Sjd§ Ñka;k Odrdj tu oYlfha wjidkh

jk úg b;d jeo.;a idOlhla njg mßj¾;kh ùug iu;a

úh¡

1970 jk úg ì%;dkH yd weußldkq idys;H lj ;=< kj

újdodmkak idys;H úpdr t<Uqula ms<sn| wdrxÑh me;sfrkakg

úh¡ ta m%xYfha iïNj ù hqfrdamh mqrd me;=reKq jHqyjdoh iy

mYapd;a jHqyjdoh ms<sn|j hs¡ fï úpdr Ndú;hka foflys

n,mEu 1970g miq yd 80g fmr wjêfha § idys;H úpdrfha

iqúi,a fjkialï /ilg uÕ mdok ,È¡ bka isÿ jQ n,mEu

Chickera úiskaa ixialrKh lrkq ,enQ English Critical texts,

(Oxford University press,1962)¡ lD;sh lshj;ajd¡

wdY%s; .%ka:(

1. iqrùr, ta ù.,1996.

weßiafgdag,a ldjH Ydia;%h

.2 jk uqøKh ,

je,a,ïmsáh( p;=r uqøKd,h.

2._________.1999.

iïm%odh ks¾udKh iy úpdrh

.2 jk uqøKh ,

fld<U-10( weia. f.dvf.a.

3¡ .ï,;a"iqpß;¡" 1997"l,dj yd ú[aa[dKjdoh" weia' f.dvf.a"

urodk'

4¡ Sidney, Philip." 1891. A Defense of Poetry and Poems", London: Cassell

and Company¡

5¡ Cuddon, J. A. (revised by C. E. Preston), 1977. Dictionary of Literary

Terms & Literary Theory, 4th ed. Wiley¡

6¡ Barry,Peter., 2002. Beginning theory . Wales: University Press.

7¡Klages" Mary¡ , 2007. Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed , New

York :Bloomsbury Academic¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

68 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 69

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

tluq;=jla fj; rEmdka;rKh úh¡ tf,i rEmdka;rKh ùfï

M,h zzfckav¾ iagãiaZZ ^ia;%S mqreI iudc Ndj wOHhk& f,i

y÷kajkakg úh¡ f,iaìhka ^ia;%S iu,sx.sl& f.aha ^mqreI

iu,sx.sl& iïnkaO;d olajk idys;H mÀ; fjk;a idys;H

lafIa;%hla f,i u;= jkakg úh¡ Bg wkqrEm j fjkia jQ t

jeks mÀ;hkag WÑ; idys;H úpdr t<Uqï ks¾udKh ùu yd

Ndú;hg tau isÿ úh¡ 1990 ld,fha isÿ jQ fjkialïj,g l¿

cd;sl ia;%S tluq;=fõ odhl;ajh b;d jeo.;a fõ¡

úpdr kHdhkays we;eï mqkrdj¾;S ,laIK

fï úúO kHdhsl t<Uqï yefullg u fjk fjkia

iïm%odhka yd Bg wod< b;sydihla we;¡ tfy;a fï úpdrjdo

yd ne÷Kq iuyr woyia h<s h<s uqK.efik mqkrdj¾;S .=Kfhka

hq;= nj fmfka¡ t jeks lreKq fmdÿfõ fï isoaOdka;j,

mokï.; lreKq f,i ie,lSu WÑ; fõ¡ ta ksid fï isoaOdka;

ish,a, zzfmdÿ mokï úYajdi moaO;shlaZZ u; fjk fjkia

wdldrfhka mj;akd iajdëk kHdhka f,i y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a

fõ¡zzkHdh jHdmdrhZZ ;=< idlÉPdjg ,la jk mdol woyia

iuqodh my; fláfhka fm< .eiafõ¡

1. wmf.a meje;au ms<sn| fok ,o Ñr iïu; lreKq" tkï

,sx.sl;ajfha ,laIK" mqoa.,sl;ajh" l,dj" idys;Hh wd§

lreKq i;H f,i u wiaÓr" Èhdre tajd fõ¡ tajd iaÓ;sl"

úYajdi iïmkak yrhka fkd fõ¡ tajd ;;H f,i u w;a±lsh

yels f,i >kSN+; j mj;akd iajNdúl foag jvd iudÔh

ks¾ñ;hka fõ¡ tajd iudc foaYmd,k n,hg wjk; j mj;sk

w;r tu n,fõ. ^foaYmd,kh" wOHdmkh" udOH" wd.u

wdosh& is;k olsk wdldrfha isÿ jk fjkialïj,g idfmalaI

j tajd o fjkia fõ¡zzo¾YkhgZZ wkqj fï ish,a, wiïNdjH

^mrdh;a;& fõ¡ tkï fjk;a fohla u; hefma¡ wkkH;d

mjd ;djld,sl ks¾ñ;hka fõ¡ tajd iajdëk" mru jQ tajd

fkd fõ¡ t ksid tajd mrfuda;a;u fkd fõ¡ ksh; f,i u

i;Hh hkq f.dvke.sh yelalls¡ il,úO Ydia;%Sh

wOHhkhkaf.a u m%;sM, wjia:dkqrEmS ;djld,sl tajd fõ¡

iaÓridr úYajdi lghq;= i;Hhla ke;¡ fï wkqj kHdhka

bx.%Sis idys;Hh we;=<; isÿ jQ le/,a,la ke;fyd;a isú,a

hqoaOhla ;rï hhs lsj yels h¡ fï úpdr t<Uqï fol NdIdj yd

o¾Ykhg wod< .eg¨ flakaø fldg .;a w;r mÀ;hl b;sydih

fyda ikao¾Nh ms<sn| m%Yak flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla fkd ±laùh¡

1980 ld,fha idys;H úpdrfha isÿ jQ jeo.;a u fmr<sh

kï kej;;a b;sydih foig lerlSu hs¡ tu.ska b;sydih"

foaYmd,kh iy ikao¾Nhg wod< lreKq idys;H úpdr

kHdhm;%fha uQ,sldx. f,i mqkia:dmkh úh¡ ta wdldrhg

1980g fmr wjêfha foaYmd,ksl b;sydiuh kj úpdr udÈ,s

foll ìysùu isÿ úh¡ weußldj ;=< zzkj b;sydijdofha ZZ

ìysùu;a ì%;dkHfhys zzixialD;sl fN!;sljdofha ZZ werUqu;a

tf,i isÿ úh¡ fï fo uÕ u idys;H úpdrh úIfhys fmdÿfõ

zzidl,Hjd§ZZ t<Uqula wkqhk ,È¡ idys;H wOHhkh;a" b;sydi

wOHhkh;a fmr oYlfha jHqyjd§ka yd mYapd;a jHqyjd§ka

úiska iïmdokh flreKq" ;;a wjêh jk úg;a Ndú;fha

mej;s we;eï úo¾Ykdjka yd wkql,kh lsÍu TjqyQ fuys §

isÿ l<y.

1990 oYlfha § idys;H úpdrfha idudkH .,d hdu

fjkia lrk meyeÈ,s lsÍï iïNdrhla isÿ úh¡ idys;H úpdr

yd kHdhka idr ix.%yjd§ yd zzúfYaI wNsreÖka fj; we§

hdula ful,ays oDYHudk úh¡ kQ;kjdoj, mYapd;a wjêh

f,i th ie,fla ^Okjdofha ;=ka jk ld¾;=j&' fï wjêfha

§ mYapd;a hg;aúð;jd§ t<Uqu u.ska udlaiajdoh ;=< we;s

úYaùh j wdfoaY l< yels wx. ^fïjd mQ¾jfhka mej;s udkjjd§

woyiaj,ska udlaiajdohg t<ô tajd fõ& m%Yak lrk ,È¡

hg;aúð;lrejd iy ks¾m%N+ ckhd w;r fjki ix.%y l<

w;r ixl,amSh j zzwfkldZZ ks¾udKh lsÍu yd tu ±Kqu

me;srùu yd mj;ajdf.k hdfï foaYmd,kh mq¿,a j ixjdohg

,la lrk ,§¡

mYapd;a kQ;kjdoh úiska iuld,Sk w;a±lSïj, we;s

wkkH ,laIKhla jQ úfNaÈ; jQ iajNdjh wjOdrKh lrk

,§¡ ia;%Sjdoh o t jeks u fjkialïj,g ,la fõ¡ ia;%Sjdoh

kue;s ixl,amdj,sh Èh ù hk ,l=Kq my< úh¡ th ,sys,a

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

70 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 71

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fõ¡ th yeu úg u fjkia fõ¡ nyq rEmS yd nyq w¾: jdÖ fõ¡

ish¨ f,aLkj, fuka idys;Hfha o ksYaÑ;" iaÓridr w¾:hla

ia:dmkh lsÍfï YlH;dj fkd mj;S¡ wfkla w;g NdIdj

úiska wixLHd; w¾: cd,hla ks¾udKh lsÍu isÿ flfrhs¡

ta wkqj ish¨ u mÀ;hka wksjd¾h f,i u ta mÀ;h ;=< u

úixjd§ fkdfyd;a mriamr úfrdaë fõ¡ fuu iajNdjh

úixfhdack l%shdj,sh u.ska fy<sorõ flfrhs¡ fï lreKg

wod< wjika úksYaphla ke;¡ ta wkqj kHdhfõ§ka úiska

l¾;D ñh .sh ke;fyd;a wiïuqL iajdëk NdId;aul

jHqyhla f,i mÀ;h w¾: olajkq ,efí¡

5¡ kHdhfõ§ka úiska ish¨ iïu;jd§ woyia iel lrk ,§¡

WodyrKhla f,i W;=ï mqia;l iajdëk j ksmka iajhx

m%j¾;l ±kqfuka hqla; h hk ms<s.ekSu Tjqyq iel l<y¡

hï lD;shla ks¾udKh jkqfha ljr fyda úfYaI iudc

foaYmd,ksl ;;ajhla ;=< hs¡ fï iajNdjh wkq,a,x>kSh

fõ¡ hï lD;shla W;=ï mqia;lhla lsÍu u.ska tu ;;H

iajNdjh n,y;aldrfhka fjkia flf¾¡ t fuka u zzñksia

iajNdjhZZ hkak úfYaI cd;s" ,sx." mka;s fn§ï blaujd .sh

fmdÿ iudc O¾u;djla f,i ixl,amkh lsÍu TjqyQ

m%;slafIam l<y¡ zzñksia iajNdjhZZ kue;s fmdÿ m¾hdhg

Tjqyq imqrd úreoaO jQy¡ uka o th fndfyda úg hqfrda flakaøSh

Ndú;hla úh ^fï fmdÿ ñksia iajNdjh hkq iqÿ hqfrdamShkaf.a

ñksia iajNdjh hs& fï ñksia iajNdjh mqreI uQ,sl fõ¡^fï

ñksia iajNdjh hkak mqreI m%;sudk yd wdl,am mokï

fldg ;kjd ksujd we;& ta wkqj fmdÿ m¾hdhla njg m;a

l< wNsu; mßÈ ieliQ zzukqIH iajNdjhla ZZ úiska hï

ñksia msßila fldka lrkq ,en we;¡ ke;fyd;a hï msßila

wmydihg ,la lrkq ,en ;sfí¡ t fuka u ia;%Skaf.a ukqIH

iajNdjh fkd ;ld yßkq ,en we;¡ ke;fyd;a jrm%ido

fkd ,;a iudc mka;sj, ukqIH iajNdjh fkd i,ld

yßkq ,nhs¡ fï lreKq my fláfhka olajf;d;a fufia

fõ¡ tkï"

u.ska myr fokq ,enQfha ksh;sjdohkag h¡ isoaOdka; f,i

ix.%y jQ ish¨ kHdhka m%;s - ksh;sjd§ ú.%yhka fõ¡

2¡ ish¨ wdldrfha is;Sï úu¾Ykhka hkd§ ukqIH

ueÈy;aùïj,g mQ¾j oDIaájd§ ne£ï wksjd¾h f,i u

n,mdk nj ffioaOdka;slfhda woy;s¡ ish¨ ksÍlaIKhka

oDIaájd§uh weilska Wlyd .kakd nj Tjqkaf.a u;h hs¡

fï wkqj udkjjdÈfhl= jQ à¡ tia¡ t,shÜf.a zzwkdila;

NdjhZZ jeks woyila w¾: úrys; Ndjhg m;a fõ¡ yeu

lsrkafkla u ;rdÈfha ljr fyda me;a;lg ;u weÕs,a,

;ndf.k isá;s¡ yeu m%dfhda.sl ls%hdjl § u ^WodyrKhla

f,i idys;H úpdrh& ljr fyda kHdhsl m¾hdf,dalhl

mQ¾jfhka t<U isàu idudkH fõ¡ fï jHdl+,;ajh uÕ

yeÍu i|yd idudkHfhka zzfok ,oZZ ±kqu fyda zzidudkH

±kSuZZ f,i mj;sk ±kSu blaujd f.dia úpdrlhdg wkkH

jQ kHdhsl t<Uqula ia:dmkh lsÍug kHdhslfhda W;aiql

jQy¡ fuys § tla kHdhlg wkqj lrk ú.%yhla ;j;a kHdhlg

wkqj jerÈ ùug ms<sjk¡zzidfmalaI;djdohZZ jeks kHdhsl

t<Uqul iïm%dma;sh úiska fï f;drf;daxÑhla ke;s jdo

újdoj,ska úks¾uqla; ùug úpdrlhkag wjldY ilid fok

,§¡

3¡ kHdhslhka NdIdj ms<sn| ±rE woyia o jeo.;a fõ¡ Tjqkag

wkqj NdIdj u fldkafoaishls¦ iSudjls¡ wm ±lsh hq;af;a

l=ula o hkak mQ¾jfhka ksYaph lrkqfha NdIdj hs¡ ish¨

h:d¾:hka NdIdj u.ska ks¾ñ; tajd fõ¡ ta wkqj ksiel j

mj;akd lsisjla ke;¡ ish,a, NdId;aul j ke;fyd;a

mdGdka;Íh j f.dvk.kq ,en we;¡ NdIdj h:d¾:h jd¾;d

fkd lrhs¡ th h:d¾:h ks¾udKh lsÍu yd yev .eiaùu

lrkq ,nhs¡ ta wkqj wmf.a iuia; úYajh u mdGdka;rSh

fõ¡ kHdhslhkag wkqj w¾: ks¾udKh flfrkqfha ,shkakka

yd lshjkakkaf.a yjq,a l%shdldrlula jYfhks¡ f,aLlhd

l=ula ,shQj o th mK ,nkqfha mdGlhdf.a lshùu ;=< hs¡

4¡ t ksid ksYaÑ; lshùula ms<sn| l;d lsÍu ksr¾:l h¡

idys;H mÀ;hl w¾:h lsisod ksYaÑ; yd úYajikSh fkd

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

72 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 73

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

5 mßÉfþoh

zziïm%odhZZ ixl,amh yd Ndú;h

ye¢kaùu(

fuu wOHhkh u.ska idys;H yd ne÷Kq iïm%odh kue;s

ixl,amh ms<sn| jk úúO l;sld mq¿,a úuiqulg ,la lsÍu

wruqKq flf¾' wOHhkh m%Odk fldgia lsysmhlskaa hqla; fõ'

tkï"

iïm%odh hk fhÿfï ixialD; ksrela;s yd Tradition

hk bx.%Sis mofha ,;ska ksrela;s úuiSu;a Bg woH;k

YíofldaIlrejka úiska fokq ,nk w¾: úuiSu;a" ixl,amhla

f,i kùk;ajh hk mohg úreoaOd¾:fhka th fhÈh yels o

hkak úNd. lsÍu;a bka tla fldgils¡ iïm%odh jHqyhla

f,i ú.%y lsÍu;a zzidïm%odhslZZ kue;s ixl,amfhka th

fjkia jk wdldrh;a fuys § idlÉPd flf¾¡

iïm%odh ms<sn| bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmsl l,dmfha we;s ±Kqu

.fõIKh lsÍu;a Tjqyq iïm%odh foúhkaf.a woDYHudk

fykavqj f,i iudc.; ñksid fufyhùug Ndú; l< wdldr

ú.%y lsÍu;a fuys § isÿ fjhs' t fia u fmrÈ. zziïm%odhZZ

ixl,amhla f,i mej;sh o tu NdId;aul fhÿu hg;a úð;

Wreuhla f,i ,nd .;a wdldrh;a fu u.ska úodrKh flf¾¡

iïm%odh ms<sn| ,snr,a udkjjd§kaf.a ú.%y lsÍï yryd

kQ;k wjêfha th Ydia;%d,hSh ixl,amhla f,i j¾Okh jQ

wdldrh;a hg;a úð;lrKh yryd tu ±kqu f,dj mqrd jHdma;

jQ wdldrh;a úia;r lrñka iajfoaYSlrKfha § hg;a úð;j,

W.;=ka úiska t,shÜ yd f,úia wd§kaf.a ixl,am Ndú;hg

.kakd wdldrh úu¾Ykh lsÍu fï ,smsfha wfkla wx.hhs¡

1¡ foaYmd,kh ish,a, wrd me;sr we;¡

2¡ NdIdj hkq ia:dmkSh m%mxphls¡

3¡ i;Hh wjia:dkqrEmS fõ¡

4¡ w¾: wiïNdjH .=Kfhka hq;= fõ ^mrdh;a;&¡

5¡ zzukqIH iajNdhhZZ kue;s W;a;r .=Kdx.hla ±laùu

ñ;Hdjls¡

fuys fjk fjk u olajd we;s fmdÿ ,laIK udlaiajdoh"

ufkda úYaf,aIKjdoh" jHqyjdoh" ia;%Sjdoh" mYapd;a-

hg;aúð;jdo jeks kHdhkays mdol woyia f,i i|yka l<

yels h¡ ish¨ kHdhkays fï ,laIK wvq jeä f,i me;sr

mj;akd nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels fõ¡

fuu úia;rh kHdh fj; t<öug m%fõYhla imhhs¡

udkjjdoh kQ;k;aj jHdmdrh yryd u;= j wd isoaOdka;j,ska

ú,laIKh jk nj fuhska jgyd .; yels h¡

wdY%s; .%ka:(

1¡ Eagleton, Terry, 1996. 'The rise of English', chapter one in his Literary Theory:

An Introduction, Blackwell, 1983; 2nd edn. University of Minnesota Press¡

2¡ Raman Selden,Peter Widdowson,Peter Brooker,.2005. A Reader's Guide to

Contemporary Literary Theory,U.K: Pearson Education Limited.

3¡ M. A. R. Habib,2005, A History of Literary Criticism From Plato to the

Present, Blackwell Publishing:350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020,

USA/9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK/550 Swanston Street,

Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia.

4¡ Barry,Peter.,2002.Beginning theory. Wales: University Press¡

5¡ Chandler, Daniel .,1994. Semiotics for beginners, London: Routledge ¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

74 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 75

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

wh;a jkqfha tu mqoa.,hd Wmkhkh ,o .=re mrmqr wkqj hs¡

iïm%odfha ysñlu Wm;ska fkd ,efí ^tu&¡ hful= ljr fyda

wd.ñl iïm%odhl Wmkhkh ,n;a kï fya Bg wh;a uka;%

ms<sn| ±kqu ,eìh hq;= h¡1 úúO foújrekag wkqj iïm%odhka

ks¾udKh ù we;;a ta lsisÿ iïm%odhlg we;=<;a fkd ù fjfik

RIsjre o we;¡ rduK uydRIsjrhd Bg lÈu WodyrKhla úh¡

t;=ud wdÈYxlrhkaf.a ikHdiS iïm%odhg we;=<;a lr .ekSug

W;aidy ±rej o fyf;u th m%;slafIam lf<a h (Ebert,2006.89) ¡

ysxÿ wd.u ;=< m%Odk iïm%odhka lsysmhla we;s w;r

;j;a l=vd" wkq l=vd iïm%odhka rdYshla fõ¡ ffjIaKj iïm%odh

m%Odk iïm%odhls¡ moau mqrdKhg wkqj tys iïm%odhka 4ls¡ Y%S

iïm%odh ^,laIaó& n%yau iïm%odh" reø iïm%odh" ikdldÈ ^isõ

l=udrjre& iïm%odh ta y;r hs (Apte,1965) ¡ ffYj iïm%odh

wfkla jeo.;a iïm%odhls¡ kd: kñka ;sín; fn!oaOd.u yd

uqiq jQ ysxÿ iïm%odhla o we;¡ th kdkaÈ kd;a" wdÈ kd;a" kj

kd;a jYfhka wkq iïm%odhka 3lg fn§ we;¡ oYkdñ kñka

;j;a jeo.;a ysxÿ iïm%odhla fõ¡ Tjqka w;=ßka tla W,la iys;

hYaáh /f.k hk msßi tal oKaä ikHdiSka jYfhka ie,fla¡

TjqyQ mQk kQ, fkd or;s¡ tys wfkla ksldhla jk ;%s oKaä

fkdfyd;a ;%s Y+,hla ork msßi mQk kQ, o or;s¡ woaffj;

fõodka; kñka ;j;a m%Odk ysxÿ iïm%odhla fõ¡ ffoj udkj

yd woaffj; ud;d jYfhka ;j;a .=re mrïmrd rdYshla we;s

w;r fï ish,a, u È.= wd.ñl b;sydihlg Wreulï lshhs¡ ta

ish¨ u iïm%odhka ;=< ±lsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK o we;¡ fï

iïm%odhka yefulla u wvq u ;rñka jir 1000 lgj;a fmr

mgka mj;sk ±kqï úYajdi wdÈh u; msysgd ixúOdkh ù we;¡

iïm%odh ms<sn| bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmsl l;sldj

,xldfõ isxy, fn!oaO Ndú;h ;=<g o iïm%odh ms<sn|

ixl,amh meñfKkakg we;af;a ysxÿ wdNdifhka úh hq;= h¡

tfy;a merKs isxy, .oH moH lD;s lsisjl fyda iïm%odh hk

fhÿu ±lsh fkd yels h¡ tkuq;a iïm%odh kue;s ixl,amdj,sh

w;S;h mqrd u ±lsh yels fõ¡ ixialD; f,!lsl Ydia;% ;=<

iïm%odh hkak jHx.fhka fh§ we;;a tajd tu ix{d kdufhka

iïm%odh ks¾udKh lsÍfï Ndú;h ms<sn| hg;a úð;

w;a±lSï ie,ls,a,g .ksñka tys ÈjHuh iajrEmh fN!;sl

w¾:l:khlg ,la flfrk tßla fydíia fndaõï yd fgrkaia

f¾kac¾f.a Ydia;%Sh ueÈy;aùu idlÉPdjg Ndckh lsÍu;a

jHqyhla f,i iïm%odh ks¾m%N+ ckhdg iajlSh ksoyi Wfoid

lrk igfka § wúhla f,i Ndú; lsÍug we;s YlH;dj

wjOdrKh lsÍu;a fï mßÉfþofha wjika wx.h fõ¡

iïm%odh hkq idys;H úpdrhg fuka u iudc úpdrhg;a

iudc ixfYdaOkhg;a Ndú; l< yels ,snr,a udkjjdoh ;=<

iïNjh jQ idOkSh ixialD;sl jHqyhls¦ hkak fï u.ska

idOkh flf¾¡

iïm%odfha ixialD; ksrela;s

iïm%odh kue;s mofha ksrela;sh ieliS we;af;a ixialD;

i¬m%¬O hk Yíoj, tl;=fjks¡ i^ix& hkq mßmQ¾K hk w¾:fha

fhfok Wmi¾.hls¡ m% hkq w;sYhd¾:fha fhfok Wmi¾.hls¡

zOZ hkq ±Ífï w¾: we;s Od;=jls¡ iïm%od kue;s jpkhg isxy,

jdlHdjidk zhZ ksmd;h tl;= ù iïm%odh hk jpkh ;ekS

we;¡ fï mofha w¾: jkqfha mrmqr" ms<sfj<" iïuq;sh" isß;"

Í;sh" rEÎh" Wreuh mrmqfrka ,enqKq ±kqu" mdrïmßl isoaOdka;h"

wd.ñl isoaOdka;h" úfYaI foaúhlg mj;ajk mQcd úêh hkqhs

^w,.shjkak, mqji;s¡ 2004(859&'

iïm%odh ms<sn| ysxÿ wd.ñl l;sldj

iïm%odh hk ixl,amh ysxÿ wd.u ;=< m%Odk ia:dkhla

.kshs¡ ysxÿ oyfuys iïm%odh hkqfjka .efkkqfha wdl,am"

woyia yd Ndú;hka iuQyhls¡ th mj;ajdf.k hk mrïmrdj

úiska WÑ; mßÈ fjkia lrñka w¾:l:kh lrñka mj;ajdf.k

hkq ,nhs¡ w;S;fha isg mej; tk woyia wdl,am yd Ndú;hka

iuQyhla fu f,i iïm%odh f,i .ks hs¡ j;auka mrmqf¾ tu

iïm%odh ms<smÈkakkag WÑ; f,i th b;d mßiaiñka fjkia

lr .ekSug o bv we;¡ iïm%odfha wLKav;ajh mj;skqfha ta

whqßks (Gupta,2002)¡hï wfhl= ljr fyda wd.ñl iïm%odhlg

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

76 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 77

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

wdosh ksmoùu isÿ úh. ish¨ foúfhda uyd n%yauhd

yuq ù wfkl=;a fõo i;r fjka fldg weia iy

lka mskúh yels mia jk fõohla ujk f,i o

th n%dyauK laI;%Sh ffjYH jeks oaúc l=,j,g

muKla isud jQjla fkdj Y=ø l=, whg o fmdÿ

tlla úh hq;= hehs o wdhdpkh l< y¡ fï whÿug

lkaÿka uyd n%yauhd mia jk fõohla iïmdokh

lrkakg lghq;= fh¥y¡ tys § ñksiqkaf.a ish¨

fÉIagdjka iïnkaOfhka fokq ,nk ish¨

Wmfoia b;sydih iuÕ noaO úh hq;= hehs kshu

flßK¡ fï lghq;a; iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd uyd

n%yau f;u fm< lshùu iD.a fõofhka o .S;h

idu fõofhka o wx.dNskh hcq¾ fõofhka o

Ñ;a;fõ.S yeÕSï w:¾j fõofhka o Wmqgd .kakd

,oafoa h¡ wk;=rej udyeÕs rÕy,la ;kkakehs

osjH .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amS jQ úYajl¾ug kshu l<

fyf;u t ;=< ys|f.k fufia ksu jQ l,dj

wNHdi lrkakehs Nr;uqKsjrhdg Wmfoia ÿkay¡

fï kj ks¾udKh foúfhdaa tl yçka i;=áka

ms<s.;ay¡ Ysj foúfhda Bg m%pKav Ñ;a;fõ. m%ldY

flfrk ;dKavj kegqu o md¾j;sh iql=ud, rd.sl

,diH kegqu o m%odkh l<y¡ Ndr;S hk kdgH

ffY,s y;r fok ,oafoa úIaKq h¡ wk;=rej fï

osjH fõoh .=K mlaIfhka ySk fldg kdgH

Ydia;% kñka mD;=ú ;,hg mjrd §fï ld¾hh

Nr;g mejßKZZ^kdgH Ydia;%" mß' udrisxy" 1994(

1-18&¡

kdgHfha iïm%odh ÈjHuh jk nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ¡ tys

we;s Wmfoia yd pdß;% wdÈh ÈjHuh NdIs; hs¡ tfyhska

wkq,a,x>kSh fõ¡

idys;Hfha § fhfokjdg jvd jeä w.hlska iïm%odh

hkak Ys,am l,dj, § Ndú; fõ¡ iïm%odfha fkd msysgd Ys,am

l¾udka;j, fhÈh fkd yels h¡ iïm%odh ksjerÈ j fkd ±k

jvqfjl=g ish l¾udka;h l< fkd yels h¡ ms<su fk<Su" .Dy

ye¢kaùfï l%uhla tl, fkd mej;shd úh yels h¡ oKaã úiska

ixialDf;ka rpkd l<

ldjHdo¾Yh

wnd i,fujka ksß÷

úiska

ishnia,lr

kñka isxy,g k.kq ,noa § zzlõ

,l=KecrkaZZ hkqfjka i|yka lrkqfha iïm%odh ms<sn|j hs

^ishnia,lr 02 .Sh&¡ ixialD; uyd ldjH wdNdIfhka rpkd

l<

uqjfoõodj;"

iiodj;"

lõis¿ñK"

hkd§ lsisÿ lD;shl

iïm%odh w.hd ke;¡

ldjHfYaLrlre

o iïm%odh f.!rjhg

yd jkaokhg ,la l< o tu fhÿu Ndú; fldg ke;¡

iso;a

iÕrdlre

zz i|re;a úê ish,a wkqrE fia msfhdakkaZZ^ika woshf¾

uq,a lúh& hhs ±lajQfha iïm%odh ms<sn|j hs¡ fþl m%fhda. hkq

NdIdfõ w;S; Ndú;h hs¡ fu f,i merKs isxy, idys;Hh ;=<

iïm%odh hk ixl,amh Ndú; j we;;a iïm%odh hk fhÿu

Ndú; j ke;¡ Bg fya;=j jkakg we;af;a fï fhÿu ix.%y ùu

yd m%p,s; ùu uE;ld,Sk j isÿ ùu úh yels h¡

isxy, idys;H .%ka:j,g .=re jQ ixialD; .%ka:j, o

iïm%odh hk fhÿu yuq fkd fõ¡ bmerKs ysxÿ wd.ñl

Yaf,dalj, kï iïm%odh hk jpkh ±lsh yels fõ¡ oKaãf.a

ldjHdo¾Yfha fo jk Yaf,dalfhka Nr; wd§ fm/ÿrka keu§u

tla wdldrhlska iïm%odh keu§uls¡ Tyq ffjo¾NS yd f.!ã

kñka ldjH iïm%odhka folla fhdackd l< o Bg iïm%odh

hk ku Ndú; fkd lrhs¡

r>q jxYh"

cdklSyrKh

jeks ixialD;

.%ka:j, o iïm%odh kue;s fhÿu ±ls fkd yels h¡ ixialD;

ldjH iïm%odh ks¾udKlrejdf.a jdikd .=Kh" m%;sNdj wd§

mqoa., noaO lreKq wjOdrKh lrhs¡2 iïm%odh Tjqkag wkqj

ÈjHuh jQjls¡ Nr; ish

kdgH Ydia;%fha

§ kdgH l,dfõ

iïm%odh ÈjHuh jQjla nj fmkajd fohs¡ úo.aO iïm%odhka

;=< fuka u ck iïm%odhka ;=< o fï ÈjHuh iïNjh yd

iïm%odh ±lsh yels h¡ fldfydUd hla lxldßh fyda flda,ï

Wm; jeks ck Ys,am l,djl iïm%odhka ks¾udKh ùu ms<sn|

we;af;a o ÈjHuh t<Uqï fõ¡3 kdgH Ydia;%fha werUqu yd tys

Ys,am iïm%odh ms<sn| Nr;f.a ú.%h fu n÷ fõ"

zz fõob;hkaf.ka f;dr jQ iaj¾Kuh hq.fhka

wk;=rej t<ô rc; hq.fha § idys;H l,d

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

78 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 79

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

iïm%odfha W,am; foúhka fõ¡ fï woyi wkqj is;k mqoa.,hd

iïm%odhka fjkia fkd lr mj;ajdf.k hdu flfrys Wkkaÿ

fjhs¡ iïm%odh w;ayeÍu hkq foúhka w;ayeÍu fõ¡ hï

iïm%odhl meyeÈ,s fjkila l< ñksiqka o foaj;ajhg m;a

flf¾¡ bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmsl Ndú;h wkqj mq¾j ±kqï foaj;ajfha

,d i,lk ,È¡ iïm%odh kue;s ixl,amh fï l,dmh ;=<

iïNdú; j mej;sh o th NdIdj ;=< m%ldYhg m;a ùu

hg;aúð; wjêfha § isÿ jQjls¡ hQfrdamSh {dk óudxidfõ wkqyi

ta fhÿu ;=< we;¡ fmrÈ. tf;la mej;s ÈjHuh iïm%odfhka

fï hqfrdamSh ixl,amh fjkia fõ¡ hqfrdamSh ixl,amh Rcqj

foúhka yd iïnkaO fkdfõ¡

hg;aúð;lrKh yd foaYSh iïm%odh ms<sn| l;sldj

w;S; {dkh f,!lsl úIhla f,i w¾: .ekaùu fndfyda

fihska m%p,s; jQfha 20 jk ishjfia uq,a oYl lsysmfhka miq

j fõ¡ bkaÈhdj yd ,xldj jeks fmrÈ. rgj, iïm%odh hkak

f,!lsl w¾:hlska WÉpdrKh lsÍu hg;a úð;lrKh yd

Rcq j iïnkaO ù we; ^fmf¾rd" 1985(31&¡ hg;aúð;lrKhg

,la jQ ck msßia mYapd;a hg;aúð; iufha § ;ukaf.a wNdjhg

.sh w;S; ±kqï" úYajdi yd Ndú;hka h<s k.d isgqjkq ,eîu

fyda tajdfhka wNdih ,nd .ekSfï m%h;akhl ksu.ak jkq

±lsh yels h¡ ,xldfõ ck kdgH wkqidrfhka cd;sl kdgHhla

iE§fï § tÈßùr irÉpkaø iïm%odh ms<sn| ±lajQ Wkkaÿj Bg

WodyrK fõ¡ irÉpkaø fufia mjihs¡

zzixialD;sl m%Yakh ms<sn| j n,mj;akd jeo.;a

u lreK kï iïm%odh hehs ud ;=< woyila we;¡

l,d úIfhys fuu iïm%odh ms<sn| woyi jvd;a

;Èka n,md;shs uu is;ñ¡ Y;j¾I lsysmhla ;siafia

rgl n,meje;a jQ iïm%odh ksid ri úkaokh yd

w.h lsÍu ms<sn| iïu;hla fuka u wkkH

idOdrK l,d rgdjka o ìysjkafka¡¡¡

^irÉpkaø"1967(44-45&¡

ks¾udK" jdß l¾udka; wdÈh tajdg wdfõKsl ;dlaIKsl yd

l,d iïm%odhkaf.ka fmdaIKh ù we;s Ys,am fõ¡ tu Ys,amh

wdhdifhka W.; hq;= h¡ fnr .eiSu" keàu" Ñ;% we£u" wdÈh o

ksjerÈ j l< yelafla iïm%odh ±k.ekSfuks¡ iïm%odh fkd

±k lrk ljr ks¾udKhla jqj jD;a;Shuh fkd fõ¡ tajd

wdOqksl .Kfha ,d fyda jD;a;Sh fkd jk f,i i,lhs¡

l¾udka; ms<sn| iïm%odh o bxÿ Wm uyoaùmh ;=< § ÈjHuh

fõ¡ ish¨ Ys,am l¾udka; werfUkqfha úYajl¾u ÈjHmq;%hdf.ks¡

fï ;dlaIKsl iïm%odh ms<sn| wdkkao l=udriajdñf.a ksÍlaIK

tys ;;a iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSug WmldÍ jkq we;¡

zz Ndr;Sh ld¾ñlhd ;u Ys,amh jQ l,S mrïmrd

.Kkla mqrd talS N+; jQ ±kqula fkd j úYajl¾uf.a

ÈjHuh n,fhka Wmkakla nj;a Tyq úiska m%ldY

lereKla nj;a is;;s¡ w,xldrh" ß;auh" mßudKh"

mrud¾:h hk fï ish,a, úYsIag ;,hl mj;afka

h¡ m¾fhaIlhkag wNsu; ±h fuys § uqK.efihs¡

øjHhkaf.a h:d¾:h weig fmfkk úia;rhkays

fkd j ukfiys mj;afka h¡ Ndr;Sh l,dlrejkag

úYajdih ;eîug W.kajk foõ yvla fuka

wefik wNHka;ßl n,h úYajl¾u ksid my<

jkaklehs is;kq ,efí¡ l,d;aul m%ldYkh ms<sn|

úfYaI iïnkaO;ajhlska yev.iajkq ,nk

foaj;ajh iïnkaë wxYh jYfhka úYajl¾u

i<lkq ,eìh yel¡ ;j;a mßoafolska Wiia

iúx{dkhla ms<sn| zziuQy wd;auhlskaZZ hq;a"

iodld,sl id¾j fN!u mqoa.,sl ld¾ñlhkaf.a

iú{dkfha iuqohd¾:h jYfhka o Tyq ie,lsh

yelafla hZZ ^l=udriajdñ" 1962(77&¡

Ys,amSh {dkfha iïm%odh úYajl¾u yd iïnkaO lsÍu uÕska

w;S;fha isg mej; tk ±kqu foaj;ajhg ke.Sula w¾: .ekafõ¡

fmrÈ. ish¨ u úoHd yd l,d ÈjHuh iïNjhlska hq;= fõ¡

iïm%odh ms<sn| bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmfha mj;akd ±kqu ÈjHuh

fõ¡ ish¨ f,!lsl Ys,am yd l,d foúhkaf.ka iïNj ù we;¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

80 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 81

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

úYajdi" isß;a úß;a yd Ndú;hka hk iSud lsÍug o tys § k;=

lr we;¡4 th wd.u ixialD;sh yd idys;H hk úIh lafIa;%j,

±lsh yels úIhla jk nj o YíofldaIh olajhs¡ iïm%odh ck

j¾. wkqj fjkia jk iudcnoaO úIhla jk nj o fuys

wjOdrKh lr we;¡ fï ish¨ w¾: ms<sn| wjOdkfhka hq;= j

iïm%odh ms<sn| hqfrdamSh l;sldj úuiSu foig fhduq fjuq¡

iïm%odh ms<sn| hqfrdamSh l;sldj

iïm%odh ms<sn| hqfrdamSh l;sldj úuiSfï § b;d u

jeo.;a iïm%odkh jkqfha à¡tia¡ t,shÜf.a zziïm%odh yd

m%f;Hl fl!Y,HhZZ hk f,aLkh hs¡ iïm%odh ms<sn| ÈjHuh

t<Uqfuys uQ,sl u f,aLkh t,shÜf.a fï ,smsh hs¡ Tyq iïm%odh

hk ixl,amh meg<s,s iy.; tfy;a b;d .eUqre ú.%yhlg

,la lrhs¡

zziïm%odh fyda iïm%odhla .ek i|yka lsÍug

wmg ms<sjka lula ke;¡ jeä u jqfjd;a wij,df.a

kdgH zidïm%odhslhZ hs mejiSfï § kï fï

úfYaIK moh wms Ndú; lruq¡ fodaIdfrdamK

uqLfhka l:d lsÍfï § yer fï jpkh Ndú;

flfrkqfha úr, jYfhks¡ tfia fkdue;s kï"hï

hï m%sh ckl mqrdúoHd;aul mqkre;a:dmkhla

wkqu; flfrk nj weÕùfï § o th wkqudk

jYfhka Ndú; flf¾ZZ ^t,shÜ" 1917" mß( iqrùr

ta¡ù" 1999(61&¡

t,shÜ i|yka lrk f,i 1917 jk úg bx.%Sis iudch o

iïm%odh ms<sn| t;rï wjOdkhlska miq ù ke;¡ iïm%odfha

jeo.;alu yd th idys;Hh ;=< jeo.;a hula f,i Ndú;

lsÍu t,shÜf.ka werfò¡ ksoyia udkjjd§ {dk óudxidj

;=< wo idys;H úIfhys idlÉPd jk fndfyda ixl,am b;d

.eUqßka ixjdohg ,la úh¡ ta ixl,am w;r t,shÜf.a iïm%odh

ms<sn| woyi b;d m%p,s; jQjls (Barry, Peter.,1999)¡

zzmqkrela;shg jvd kj;dj jgfka h¡ iïm%odh

hkq Bg jvd mq¿,a jQ o w¾: iys; jQ o ld¾hhls¡

iïm%odh ms<sn| woyi irÉpkaø fj; t<fUkqfha ljr

fyda fmrÈ. jQ {dk uQ,hlska fkd fõ¡ th Rcqj u hqfrdamSh

±kqu yryd Tyq fj; t<ôhls¡ hqfrdamSh {dk óudxidj ;=<

iïm%odh ms<sn| m%:ufhka idlÉPd lrkqfha à¡tia¡ t,shÜ

úisks¡ t,shÜg miq j th úúO úoHd¾Òka w;ska mq¿,a j ú.%y

ù we;¡ iïm%odh hk nqoaê úIh iïm%odh hk kñka fkd

fj;;a ixl,amhla f,i t,shÜg fmr o hqfrdamfha ±kqï

l,dmj, mej;sk¡ úfYaIfhka lf;da,sl oyu ;=< iïm%odh

ms<sn| woyi ÈjHuh w¾:fhka Ndú; úh¡

iïm%odh ms<sn| bx.%Sis ksrela;s

Tradition hk bx.%Sis mohg m¾hdh f,i isxy,

zziïm%odhZZ hk fhÿu Ndú; flfrhs¡ bx.%Sis "tradition" kue;s

moh ks¾udKh jkqfha ,;ska traderere fyda tradere hk

ls%hdmoj,ska ì£ wd traditio kue;s kdu mofhks¡ fï l%shd

moj, ,;ska w¾: jkqfha zziqrlaIs; j ;nd .ekSug hjkjd"

fokjd" mjrkjd hkakhs¡ ffk;sl Wreuh fyda ffk;sl

mejÍu ye¢kaùu i|yd frdau kS;sh ;=< fï fhÿu Ndú;

flßK¡ w;S;fha ks¾udKh ù ;ju;a mj;akd ljr fyda pdß;%

úêl%u wdÈh iïm%odh f,i i,lk nj iïm%odh ms<sn|

úYajfldaIlrejkaf.a woyihs¡

bx.%Sis isxy, YíofldaIfha u,,fialr Tradition hk

bx.S%is jpkhg w¾: fokqfha zzmrïmrd.; l:d" pdß;% wdÈh"

iïm%odh" rEÎh" mqreoaoZZ jYfhks ^u,,fialr^1948& 1992(967&¡

iïm%odh hk isxy, jpkh bx.%Sis Tradition hk jpkhg

iudkd¾:j;a nj fï wkqj fmfka¡ tfy;a ixl,am f,i .;a

úg hqfrdamSh w¾: iy Ndr;Sh uQ,hla iys; w¾: w;r fjkialï

we;s nj o úoHudk fõ¡ Tradition hk bx.%Sis mohg bx.%Sis

YíofldaIlrejka fok w¾: o ie,ls,a,g .ksuq. zza belief,

custom or way of doing something that has existed for a long time

among a particular group of people; a set of these beliefs or

customs: religious /cultural/ literary tradition (O.A.L.D, 2000:1379).

bx.%Sis YíofldaIh fok w¾:j,ska o iïm%odh hkq w;S;fha

isg j¾;udkhg tkakla nj fmfkhs¡ th hï ck lKavdhul

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

82 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 83

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

ks¾udKlrejka úoHudk jk w;r wkHfhda wúoHudk j

fh;a¡ ld,fha .k w÷re ;sñrh ;=< ieÕj fh;a¡ t,shÜ iïm%odh

ms<sn| olajk woyi o foajjd§ jQjls¡ iïm%odh Ôjh ,nkqfha

w;S;h ;=< hs¡ th Wrdf.k thska fmdaIKh ù tys iuld,Sk

iajrEmh muKla fjkia lsÍfï yelshdj ks¾udKfõ§kag we;¡

iïm%odh úIfhys ueÈy;a jQ wfkla jeo.;a u udkjjd§

Ñka;lhd t*a¡wd¾ f,úia h¡ 1948 § Tyq m< l< zzuyd

iïm%odhZZ(The Great tradition) kue;s lD;sfhka bx.%Sis m%nkaO

l;dfõ iïm%odh ms<sn| úNd. lrk ,È¡ idys;H lD;shlska

m%ldYhg m;a jk iodpdr ú[a[dkh kue;s ixl,amh

ks¾Kdhlhla f,i .;fyd;a fcda¾Ê t,shÜ" fykaß fÊïia"

fcdaima fldka/â wd§ka th uQ¾;su;a lrk wdldrh f,úiaf.a

úYaf,aIKhg mdol úh¡ idys;H úIfhys iïm%odfha we;s

jeo.;alu Tyq wjOdrKh lrhs¡ by; ±lajQ m%nkaO

l:dlrejkaf.a ks¾udK ms<sn| È.= úpdr tl;=jla Tyqf.a

lD;sfha ±lsh yels h¡ f,úia iïm%odh olskqfha o j¾;udk

ks¾udKfõÈhd w;S;h yd iïnkaO lrk nqoaêuh yqhla jYfhks¡

t,shÜf.a ziïm%odh yd m%f;Hl fl!Y,HhZ f,aLkfha

iSudfjka Tíng hñka iïm%odh kue;s ixl,amh kjl;d

úpdrhg Ndú; lsÍu Tyq w;ska isÿ jQ fiajh hs¡ Tyq kjl;d

ish,af,a we;s wdlD;sl iujdh y÷kd .kshs¡ iïm%odh ks¾udK

lD;s ;=< msysgk wdldrh f,úia fj;ska m%ldYhg m;a úh¡

iïm%odh jHqyhla f,i(

iïm%odh ixl,amhla fyda Ndú;hla f,i jgyd .ekSfï

§ úúO .eg¨ u;= fõ¡ th tall yd Í;sj,ska hq;= moaO;shla

f,i jgyd .ekSu jvd ksjerÈ m%fõYhla iïmdokh lrhs¡

jd.a úoHd{fhl= jQ *¾äkkaâ ä¡ fidaIsh¾ NdIdfõ jHqyh

,dx.a f,i;a tla lD;shla ke;fyd;a NdIs;hla mfrda,a f,i;a

olajk ,È (Saussure,1966) ¡ iïm%odh ,dx. a fkdfyd;a jHqyh

f,i .; fyd;a tla Ndú;hla" lD;shla" mfrda,a fkdfyd;a

NdIs;hla fõ¡ yeu NdIs;hla u jHqyh fjkia lrk uq;a tys

uQ,sl wdlD;sh fjkia fkd flfrhs (Barths,1991) ¡ yeu kj

lD;shla u iïm%odh fjkia lrhs¡ tfy;a tys uQ,sl yevh

th odhdo jYfhka ,nd .; yels fohla fkd fõ¡

th wjYH kï uy;a fia fjfyi ù ,nd .; hq;=

fjhs¡ iïm%odh m<uq fldg u ft;sydisl

ixcdkkh yd iïnkaO fjhs¡ mia úis úh blau

jQ miq o lúfhl= jYfhka ;j ÿr l%shd lsÍu

wfmalaId lrk ljfrl=g jqj fuh w;HdjYH

nj wmf.a yeÕSu hs¡ fï ft;sydisl ixcdkkh

yd iuÕ w;S; ld,fha w;S; nj muKla fkdj

tys j¾;udkh o iïnkaO fõ¡ tfia u fï

ft;sydisl ixcdkkh iuld,Sk mrïmrdj ms<sn|

wjfndaOh ;u weg ñ÷¿j, ;ndf.k ,sùug

muKla fkdj"fydau¾f.a ld,fha mgka uq¿ uy;a

hqfrdamfha u my< ù we;s idys;Hh;a ta ;=< ;u

rfgys my< ù we;s il,úO idys;Hh;a iu.dó

j mj;afkahs o" fï ish,a, ;=< iu.dó mßmdáhla

we;af;a h hs hk yeÕSfuka hq;= j ,sùug o

f,aLlhl=g n, flf¾¡ ld,iSudjkaf.ka f;dr

ixcdkkhla iy fty f,!lsl ixcdkkhla

fuka u ta fol ixfhda. jQ ixcdkkhla o we;a;d

jQ fï ft;sydisl ixcdkkh jQl,S f,aLlfhl=

idïm%odh.; jQfjl= njg m;a lrk ldrKh f,i

ye¢kaúh yels hZZ^tu"62-63&¡

t,shÜf.a fï m%ldYj,ska Tyq iïm%odh f,i ye¢kajQ

foa ms<sn| meyeÈ,s ksYaÑ; wjfndaOhla lsisfjl=g;a fkd ,efí¡

Tyq iïm%odh f,i olajk foh wdhdifhka w;am;a lr.;

hq;a;la nj bka .uH fõ¡ tfuka u w;S; ñksiqka iajlSh

bkaøsh wkqidrfhka ,nd.;a ixcdkk iïm%odh ;=< we;=<;a

nj m%ldY ùfuka iïm%odh hkq w;S; ±kqu nj .uH fõ¡

i¾jld,Sk úYaj i;Hh yd iuld,Sk ;;ajh w;r md,u

;kkqfha iïm%odh jk nj o bka ±lafõ¡ jvd ir, j f;areï

lr .kafka kï t,shÜg wkqj iïm%odh hkq w;S;fha isg

wkd.;h foig t,a, jk wdf,dal Odrdjls¡ ta wdf,dal Odrdj

m;s; fkd jQ ljr fyda idys;Hlrefjl= úpdrlfhl= tu

lafIa;%h ;=< ia:dk .; fkd fõ¡ tu wdf,dalh ;=< isák

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

84 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 85

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

kQ;k;ajh yd iïm%odh

kQ;k;ajh idudkHfhka w¾: olajkqfha mYapd;a

idïm%odhsl wjêh f,ihs¡ mYapd;a uOHld,Sk ft;sydisl wjêh

kQ;k wjêh f,i ie,fla¡ jevjiï l%uh fyda lDIsld¾ñl

Ndjfhka ñ§ Okjdoh" ld¾ñllrKh" f,!lsllrKh"

inqoaêllrKh yd cd;sl rdcH hk ;;ajhka yd wdh;k

yryd kQ;k;ajh ia:dmkh úh (Barker,2005:444) ¡ kQ;k;ajh

hk fhÿu idudkHfhka iudc ;;ajhla" l%shdj,shla" ke;fyd;a

l;sldjla ye¢kaùu i|yd Ndú; lrhs¡ weka;ks .svkaia th

ks¾jpkh lrkqfha fu f,isks¡

zzkQ;k iudch ke;fyd;a ld¾ñl YsIagdpdrh

hk fhÿï flá jqj iqúi,a is;=jula ueùug

iu;a tajd fõ¡ th f,dalh ms<sn| wdl,am iuQyhla

yd iïnkaO fõ¡ f,dalh ñksia ueÈy;aùfuka

fjkia l< yels h" hk wdl,amh tys uQ,sl j

we;¡ fojkqj th wd¾Ól wdh;k iuQyhla iu.

o iïnkaO fõ¡ úfYaIfhka u ld¾ñl ksIamdok

yd fj<|fmd, wd¾Ólh ta yd iïnkaO fõ¡

tfuka u foaYmd,k wdh;k iuqyhla o Bg

iïnkaO fõ¡ cd;sl rdcH yd nyq ck

m%cd;ka;%jdoh tu foaYmd,k wdh;k hs¡ fï

,laIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka kQ;k;ajh mQ¾j

iudc l%uj,g jvd .;sl;ajhlska hq;= fõ¡ th

jvd ;dlaIKsl jQ jvd ixlS¾K jQ wdh;kj,ska

iqieÈ iudchls¡ mQ¾jfhka mej;s ljr fyda iudc

l%uhlg th iu fkd fõ¡ th w;S;h foig jvd

wkd.;h foig fhduq jQ iudc l%uhlsZZ

(Giddens,1998,94)¡

.svkaia kQ;k;ajh ms<sn| lrk ú.%yhg we;=<;a ish¨

u wdh;k" l%shdj,s yd wdl,am iïm%odhsl fkd jk fyj;a

mYapd;a iïm%odhsl f,i .efka¡ zziïm%odhslZZ hk úfYaIK

moh kQ;k hkak yd iy iïnkaO m%;smlaIhla f,i jHqyKh

l< yels jqj;a zziïm%odhZZ hk fhÿu tf,i kQ;k;ajhg

fjkia fkd lrhs¡ kj lD;shla ke;fyd;a ks¾udKhla ìys jQ

úg tu ks¾udKh weiqre lrk iïm%odh fjkiaùïj,g ,la

flfrhs¡ t,shÜ ta ms<sn| fufia mjihs¦

zzfï wdldrfhka tla tla l,d lD;sh yd wdY%s;

iïnkaO;d m%udKdkql+,;d iy yr ms<sn| iuia;

mßmdáh ixfYdaOkh fjhs¡

fuhska we;a; jYfhka

isoaO jkafka j¾;udkh ksid w;S;h fjkia ùula

fkdj w;S;h u.ska j¾;udkh fufyhùu hsZZ

^t,shÜ" 1917(75-76&¡

kj tallhla ksid ljr fyda iïm%odhl jHqyfha isÿjk

fjiaùu w;S; tallj, jHqy úiska fufyhjkq ,nk nj Tyq

fmkajd fohs¡ hï iïm%odhlg wh;a lD;s iuQyhla .;fyd;a ta

ish,af,ys u ljr fyda tla iujdhla ±lsh yels h¡ fn!oaO

l:d iïm%odh .;fyd;a tys ish¨ u tallj, fn!oaO

wka;¾.;hla ±lsh yels h¡ isõmo iïm%odh .;fyd;a tys ish¨u

tallj, isõmo kue;s wdlD;sl iudk lu we;¡ iïm%odh hkq

ljr fyda w¾:j,ska hq;= jHqyhla jk nj bka meyeÈ,s jkq

we;¡ iïm%odhla tall folla fyda Bg jeä .Kkl fmdÿ

,laIK wkqj ks¾udKh fõ¡ iïm%odh tallj,ska fuka u

Í;sj,ska o hqla; jQjls¡ th yeuúg u ld,h yd iïnkaO fõ¡

tla tallhla fyda lsysmhla w;S;fha;a wfkla tallh fyda

tall j¾;udkfha;a mej;Su iïm%odfha Í;sh hs¡ iïm%odhla

ks¾udKh lsÍfï § yeu úg u w;S; ,laI ^lD;s fyda Ndú;hka&

iqúfYaIS ld¾hNdrhla Wiq,hs¡

isxy, fn!oaO l:d iïm%odh kue;s jHqyh .;fyd;a

wudj;=r" nq;airK" ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh jeks lD;s tys tall

fõ¡ ta ish,af,ys u nqÿkaf.a fï Njfha fyda fmr Njhl

Ôjk w;a±lSï wvx.= fõ¡ fï lD;s ;=k fjk fjk u .;fyd;a

tajd tlsfklska úYd, jYfhka fjkia fõ¡ tfy;a fï lD;s

;=fka u we;af;a fn!oaO l:d kue;s jHqyh hs¡ l;=jrhdf.ka

l;=jrhdg fjkia jk iuld,sl;ajh fyda mqoa., m%;sNdj

i|yd o w¾: iïmdokh jkqfha tu fmdÿ jQ jHqyh ;=< hs¡

NdIdj" {d;s l%uh" ñ;Hd l;d wdÈh o fu jeks u jHqy f,i

ú.%y l< yels h¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

86 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 87

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

n,k úg th hg;aúð; ks¾udKhla f,i fkd fmfka¡ jir

oyia .Kkl b;sydihla iys; iïm%odhla f,i th úoHudk

fõ¡ tfy;a th hg;a úð; wjêfha wNskjfhka ks¾udKh

l< iïm%odhkaf.ka hqla; fõ (Perera,Nihal,1998 ) ¡ idïm%odhsl

±kqu yd kQ;k ±kqu ixl,kfhka fï kj iïm%odh jHqykh

lr we;¡ fuh imqrd u iïm%odh ks¾udKh lsÍuhs¡ th kQ;k"

mqoa., flakøS h l%shdj,shls¡

iïm%odh ksmoùu

1983 § m%ldYhg m;a jQ ,kavka úYajúoHd,fha n¾la

nela fld,Sðfha iudc wd¾Ól b;sydih ms<sn| fiajd iïu;

uydpd¾hjrfhl= jQ tßla fydíia fndõï yd Tlaia*¾â

úYajúoHd,fha jd¾.sl in|;d ms<sn| uydpd¾hjrfhl= jQ

fgrkaia f¾kac¾ úiska ixialrKh lrkq ,enQ zziïm%odh

ksmoùïZ (The Invention of tradition) lD;sh u.ska iïm%odh kue;s

fhÿfï ÈjHuh /ia j<,a, .,jd ouk ,§¡ fï lD;sfha

ye¢kaùu we;=¿ j ,sms 7la úh¡ Bg ,sms iemhQ wfkla úoHd¾Òka

jQfha

yQ fg%fjda¾-frdm¾" fm%a fuda.ka" fâúâ lekäka" n¾kdâ

tia¡fldfyka hk wh hs¡ Tjqkaf.a wOHhkj,g mdol jQfha

ì%;dkHh yd ì%;dkHh hg;a úð;j, iïm%odhka ksmoùu

ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh úu¾Yk hs¡ uE;l § iïmdokh l< Ndú;hka

iuQyhla tl È.g wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdu yd w;S; óÿfuka

jeiS .sh b;sydihla ms<sn| Wreuh Bg wdfrdamKh fldg

iïm%odhdkq.; lrkq ,en we;s wdldrh fï wOHhkj,ska

fy<sorõ flßK (Hobsbawm, Ranger,1983:1-14)¡ fo jk f,dal

hqoaOh wjia:dfõ úkdY jQ ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;= Yd,dj bÈlsÍu

i|yd tys merKs ie,eiau u Ndú; lrñka f.d;sla iïm%odh

h<s m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu iïm%odh ksmoùug lÈu WodyrKhls¡

th fldf;la iïm%odhdkq.; f,i fmkqk o kQ;k bÈ lsÍuls

(ibid : 1-2)¡ jHjydrh yd iïm%odh w;r we;s iïnkaOh o

Tjqkaf.a wjOdkhg ,la fõ¡ l< hq;af;a l=ulao hkak"

jHjydrh úiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk w;r jHjydrh

mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd wjYH fuj,ï yd tys Ñrd.; l%uh

m%;smlaI jHqyhl tla O%ejhla f,i fhÈh fkd yels h¡ iïm%odh

hkq mQ¾jfhka ±lajQ mßÈ jHqyhls¡ th i¾jld,Sk fõ¡ tksid

u iuld,sl o fõ¡zzkQ;k iïm%odhZZ ke;fyd;a zzkùk

iïm%odhZZ f,i fh§fï § iïm%odh kQ;k;ajh o we;=<;a

lr.kakd jHqyhla jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ¡ kQ;k;ajh ixl,amhls¦

tfuka u Ndú;hls¡ tfy;a iïm%odh hkq ixialD;sl jHqyhls¡

idïm%odhsl hkq fjk;a ixl,amhls¡ th ljr fyda ixl,am

wdl,am ke;fyd;a Ndú;hka iuÕ .kq fokq lrhs¡ th b;sydih

fyda merKs nj fjkqfjka fmkS isák ixl,amhls¡ wkkH;dj

ms<sn| m%Yakfha § idïm%odhsl nj b;d jeo.;a fõ¡ iïm%odh

w;S; {dkh;a iuld,Sk {dkh;a w;r iïnkaOh f.dvk.k

jHqyh fõ¡ th kQ;k;ajhg úreoaO jQjla fkdfõ¡

hg;aúð;lrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i ixialD;sl wkkH;d

fidhd .ekSfï .eg¿jg uqyqK §ug fndfyduhla

hg;aúð;lrKhg ,la jQ rgj,g isÿ úh¡ tu l%shdj,sfha §

fndfyduhla hg;aúð; W.;=ka Ndú;hg .;a fhÿu jQfha

iïm%odh hkakhs¡ ta w;S; {dkh yd iuld,Sk {dkh w;r

md,ula ;kd .ekSfï wNs,dIfhks¡ fï l%shdj,sfha § iajfoaYsl

nqoaêu;=ka meg,s,a,g fy¨ ;;ajh jQfha iïm%odh yd idïm%odhsl

nj tlsfkl ñY% fldg wjfndaO lr .ekSuhs¡ iïm%odh ms<sn|

kQ;k wjêfha we;s jQ Wkkaÿj hqfrdamSh {dk óudxidfõ u

m%;sM,hls¡ kQ;k;ajh ;=< idïm%odhsl {dkh ia:dk .; lsÍfï

§ iïm%odhka wNskjfhka ks¾udKh lsÍu hg;aúð; Ndú;hla

úh¡ iajfoaYslhka fï kj iïm%odhka idïm%odhsl {dkh u

fyda Ndú;h hehs jrojd jgyd .eksK¡ hg;aúð;j, kQ;k;ajh

yd iïm%odhsl;ajh hk fofla u l;Dlhd hg;aúð;lrejd u

fõ (Strathern,1996.pp.40-45) ¡ ta i|yd hg;aúð;lrejd

iïm%odh ksmoùfï ld¾hfhys ksu.ak fjhs¡

fjila W;aijh tf,i wNskjfhka ksmo jQ iïm%odhls¡

w;S;fha wdñi mQcd nyq, fjila W;aijhla ms<sn| jd¾;d

±lsh fkd yels h¡ ´,alÜ;=udg miq j ìysjQ wo wm woyk

zzhqfrda nqoaOd.fuysZZ fjila W;aijh hkq k;a;, fuka u

iqúi,a WmkaÈk W;aijhls¡ wo mj;ajk fjila W;aij foi

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

88 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 89

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

weh lshd isákjd¡ fï tlÕ;djhg t<eöfuka miq fo fokd

újdy fjkjd¡ ÿIHka; kslaó hkjd. Yl=ka;,d mq;l= m%iq;

lrkjd¡ wjqreÿ .Kkdjlg miafia wE wef.a mq;dj ÿIHka;f.a

rdc iNdjg f.k f.dia Tyqf.a Wreuh m%ldY lr isákjd¡

ÿIHka; wehg b;d ;=Ép wkaoñka neK joskjd¡ fï w;f¾

orejd ÿIHka;f.a iqcd; orefjle hs lshd wyia l=fika

wefikakg mgka .kakjd¡ Yl=ka;,d y÷kd .ekSu m%;sfCIam

lf<a fu jeks iy;slhla n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka nj;a orejdf.a

iqcd; mshd ;ud hehs hg;a jeishkag ta;a;= .ekaúh hq;= nj;a

ÿIHka; lshkjd¡

kuq;a ld,sodi kdgHlrejd m%ia;=; uyd Ndr; f;audfjys

tk Yl=ka;,df.a pß;h uq¿ukska u úmßj¾;kh lrhs¡

ys;=uf;ag újdy jqj;a Bg fmrd;=j fmdfrdkaÿjla ,nd.kakd"

tf;la f.!rjdkaú; Ôú;hla .; lrñka isá" ;reK

ldka;djlf.a isg hgy;a my;a lSlre iudcYS,S fkd jk

;reK ldka;djla f,ihs Yl=ka;,dj ld,sodi Ñ;%Kh lr

we;af;a¡ Bg wkqj ÿIHka; flfrys we;s jk wd,fhka uqim;a

jk ksid u ;u whs;sjdislï i|yd fmkSs isákakg;a wE

wfmdfydi;a fjhs¡ ÿIHka; bosßfha ;ukaf.a yd ;u mq;=f.a

whs;Ska i|yd fmkS isákakg t;rï Wkkaÿjla fkd fjk

weh ÿIHka;g ;ud y÷kd.kakg neß jQ úg rdc iNdj yermshd

wdfhu;a jk .; jkafka ;u orejdg Tyqf.a Wreuh ,nd

.ekSug fkd yels úfuka yd ish wdorjka;hd ;udg wysñ

ùfuka we;s jQ ;on, l,lsÍu fya;=fjks¡

l=;=y,h okjk ldrKh kï wo ojfia wm Yl=ka;,d

.ek l:d lrk úg wm tlajr u isyslr .kafka ld,sodi

úiska iïmdos; Yl=ka;,d ksrEmK hhs¡ kuq;a ljqreka fyda

Yl=ka;,d .ek l:d lrkjd kï .; hq;af;a uyd Ndr;h

lD;sfha oelafjk pß;h hs¡ ukaoh;a th ld,sodif.a ikakhg

jvd mq¿,a ksid;a Bg ijka ÿka Y%djl msßi w;s uy;a ù hehs

is;sh yels ksid;a h¡ ld,sodif.a ikakh rdc iNdjg iïnkaO

iq¿;r fm%alaIld.drhg muKla isud jQjla¡

iïmdokh lrkqfha iïm%odh úisks¡ jHjydrh ì|jegqKfyd;a

iïm%odh o ì|jefÜ (ibid: 2-3) ¡ jHjyd rhg ueÈy;a ùfuka

iïm%odh ksmoùu l< yels h¡ iïm%odh wNskjfhka bÈ lsÍu

ms<sn| È,a,s úYajúoHd,fha b;sydi wxYfha ysgmq uydpdßkS

frdó,d ;dm¾f.a úuiqu ie,ls,a,g .ksuq¡ woH;k bkaÈhdkq

ia;%sh ld,dkqrEm j bÈlrkq ,enQ ySk lrk ,o fm!reIhlska

hqla; i;a;ajfhl= ùu ms<sn| wehf.a wjOdkh fhduq fõ¡

zzlsishï iqúfYaI yeisÍï rgdjla fyda wdl,amhla fyda

idrO¾u moaO;shla fyda ms<s.kakg wm fm,fUk úg wm th

i,lkafka yqfola iïm%odh ms<s.ekSula yeáhg¡ nf,ka u

mgjd we;s fï Wml,amkh oekg wkdosu;a ld,hla ;siafia

lsis" fjkilg Ndckh fkd ù mj;skakla¡ we;af;ka u fï

Wml,amkh uy fndrejla¡ ukao lsjfyd;a iïm%odh msgia;ßka

mjrd fok tlla jqj o th >kSNjkh ù tl ;ek kej;S

;sfnk tlla fkd fõ¡ iïm%odhla tla mrïmrdjlska ;j;a

tllg mjrdosfï yqÿ" l%shdj,sh isÿ jk úg th úm¾hdi ùu

fkd je<elaúh yelalla¡ ta jdf.a u iïm%odh f,i wo wm

i,lk foh we;af;ka u óg fmr mrïmrd y;rlg mylg

fmrd;=j iïmdokh l< fohla úh yels hs¡ ishjia .Kkdjla

yryd wm lrd tk lsisu fohla ks¾u, wdldrfhka mj;skafka

keye¡

iïm%odhka úm¾hdi jk nj ms<s.ekSu;a iu. u tu

iqúfYaI úm¾hdihka ljod isÿ jQfha o" tjeks iqúfYaI

úm¾hdihla isÿ jqfha ukao lshd;a wm weish hq;= hs¡ WodyrKhla

jYfhka úúO mGs;j, oS .eyeksh Ñ;%Kh lr ;sfnk wkaou

.ksuq¡ fuf,i Ñ;%Kh lr we;af;a idïm%odhsl bkaoSh ldka;dj

hehs lshefjkjd¡ Yl=ka;,df.a ;lkaorh uydNdr; lD;sfha

oelafjk yeáhg kï ldkaajf.a wimqfõ § ÿIHka;g Yl=ka;,d

yuq jQ wjia:dfõ § Tjqka fofokd újD; wjxl idñÑhl

fhfokjd¡ bka blaì;af;ka Tyq wehg fhdckd lr lshd isákjd

Tjqka fofokd .dkaO¾j újdyhg we;¿ úh hq;= nj;a túg

pdß;% jdß;% lsisjla wjYH jkafka ke;s nj;a¡ ;ud Bg leu;s

jkafka tlu tl fldkafoaishla tkï wef.a mq;dg ljod

fyda rclu ,efnk njg iy;slhla ,efnkafka kï muKlehs

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

90 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 91

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

úiska u ksmojkq ,nk mqoa.,hd úiska u fjkia lrñka

mj;ajdf.k hkakls¡ iïm%odhka jHqykh lsÍug;a mj;ajdf.k

hdug;a yelafla wd¾Ól foaYmd,k n,h iys; tacka;hkag

muKs¡ m%d.aOkh ysñ mka;sh ke;fyd;a n,h ysñ mka;sh úiska

ks¾udKh lrk iïm%odhka ks¾m%N+ cd;s" mka;s fyda ,sx.slhka

úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,eîu ±lsh yels idudkH ;;ajh hs¡

zzidudkH ±kSuZZ ;=< iïm%odh" ÈjHuh NdIs; jk nj;a tajd

wNsfhda.hg ,la lsÍu foaj Ydmhg fya;= jk nj;a m%ldYhg

m;a lrkqfha m%d.aOk ysñ mka;sh úisks¡ ta wkqj iïm%odh hkq

ks¾m%N+kag y;=re jQ m%;smlaI jHqyhle hs fkd .; hq;= h¡

iïm%odh iaùlrKh fldg f.k th ks¾m%N+ ixrplhkaf.ka

h<s ks¾udKh lsÍfï yelshdj tys úIh jia;= njg m;a jQ

msßig we;¡ ,xldfõ md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK iïm%odh" mdie,a

wOHdmk iïm%odh" fn!oaOd.ñl iïm%odh" mjqf,a jHqyh yd

foam< fn§hdu ms<sn| iïm%odh" l=, yd jdi.ï §fï iïm%odh

wdÈh fï wdldrhg mSä; mka;s úiska jyd m%;sjHqykh lrkq

,eìh hq;= nj fmfka¡

iïm%odh hkq idys;H úpdrhg fuka u iudc úpdrhg;a

iudc ixfYdaOkhg;a Ndú; l< yels ixialD;sl jHqyhls¡

mdol igyka(

1¡ m%fïh r;akdj,sfha nd,foaj úoHdN+IK olajd we;af;a zziïm%odh úySkfha

uka;%iaf;a ksYaM, uk(ZZ hkqfjks ^1 fldgfia 5-6 Yaf,dal&

2¡ m%;sNd wmQ¾j jia;= ks¾udKdlaIud m%{d ^m%;sNdj hkq wmQ¾j jia;= ks¾udKh

lsÍu i|yd lsishï flfkl= i;=j mj;sk m%{djhs&¡m%{d

kjkfjdakafïIYd,skS m%;sNd u;d id ys plaIQ¾ N.jf;aia ;D;Shñ;s

.Shf;¡^kj wre;a laIKfhys jegfykakd jQ nqoaêh m%;sNdjhs¡fï nqoaêh

flf;la iqúfYAIs o h;a th BYajrf.a f; jeks weig iu fõ&¡

3¡ isxy, Ydka;sl¾uj, werUqu nqÿkaf.a ,xld .ukh yd iïnkaO lrk

ck m%jdohla fufia h. zz¡¡¡¡¡ñksia f,djg ú;a ukqIHhka yg Wmøj

muqKqjkakd jQ hlaIhska oukh lsÍu i|yd nqÿ rcdKka jykafia tla

oskla hlaIhskaf.a jdiia:dkh jk ilaj< .,g jeähy¡ Wkajykafiaf.a

wdrlaIdj msKsi Yl% foafõkaøhd;a legqj hkag is;+ kuq;a nqÿrcdKka

jykafia Bg fkd leue;s jQ fial¡ yqol,dj hlaIhka uOHhg fkd hkq

ld,sodif.a ikakh muKla m%fCIamKh lrñka Bg

wkq.%yh oelaùu uÕska wo wm lr we;af;a tys jdishg lreKq

;skaÿ lsÍula¡ ld,sodif.a ikakh f;dardf.k th idïm%odhsl

hehs wm m%lafIamKh lr we;af;a wehs oehs meyeos,s hs¡ ia;%sh

jkdys ,eÊcdYS,S jeä l:d nfya fkd fhfok lSlre

;eke;a;shla jYfhka m%lafIamKh lsÍu wo wmg wjYHhs¡

ia;%sh jkdys fhdackd ms<s.kakd ;u ;;a;ajh ms<s.ekSu rcq

m%;slafIam l< úg oeä f,i jdo fldg ;u ;;a;ajh wdrlaId

lrk ;eke;a;shl jYfhka Ñ;%Kh lrkakg wmg ´k

keye¡¡¡ZZ^;dm¾" 1999(1-3&¡

wNskjfhka iïmdÈ; ia;%sh ms<sn| iïm%odh .ek

;dm¾f.a ú.%yfhka iïm%odh ksmoùfï ld¾hfhys iajNdjh

ms<sn| ióm wjfndaOhla ckkh jkq we;¡

bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmsl rgj, iïm%odh kue;s ixl,amh

wd.ï iuÕ ne¢ È.= b;sydihla mqrd mej; ths¡ th iuia;

ixialD;sl Ôú;h u kshdukh lrk n,fõ.hla f,i Ndú;

flßK¡ foúhkaf.ka werfUk iïm%odh wLKav j mj;ajdf.k

hdu muKla ñksidf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ¡ fuf,i fï

ixl,amh mej;sh o iïm%odh hk NdId;aul fhÿu fï fmrÈ.

rgj, Ndú;hg t<ôfha hg;aúð;lrKhg miqjhs¡ ta t,shÜ

ta ms<sn| l< wjOdrKhg miq j úh hq;= h¡

iïm%odh hkq w;S; {dkh j¾;udkh yd uqiq lrk

jHqyh hs¡ th NdIdj" {d;s l%uh jeks u jHqyhls¡ kQ;k;ajhg

m%;smlaI fhÿula f,i iïm%odh hkak Ndú; l< o tfia l<

fkd yels h¡ hg;aúð;lrejd úiska w;S; ixialD;sl wkkH;d

kQ;k;ajh ;=< m%;sksIamdokh lsÍfï § Ndú; lrkq ,enQfha

iïm%odh kue;s fuj,u hs¡ th jHqyhla jk ksid ixl,amhla

fuka m%;smlaI fhÿï yd ixys;d .; l< fkd yels h¡

idïm%odhsl hk fhÿu iïm%odfhka fjkia jQ b;sydih yd

w;S; Wreuh ix{d lrk ixl,amhls¡ th jHqyhla fkd fõ¡

th kQ;k;ajhg m%;smlaI j msysgqúh yels h¡

iïm%odh yeu wNskj tallhlska u fjkia Ndjhg

m;a fõ¡ th foúhkaf.ka ,efnk wdf,dalhla fkdj mqoa.,hd

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

92 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 93

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

•(in Judaism) an ordinance of the oral law not in the Torah but held to

have been given by God to Moses.

• (in Islam) a saying or act ascribed to the Prophet but not recorded in the

Koran. (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com )

uQ,dY%(

uQ, lD;s(

1¡ ldjHdo¾Yh ^iqfndaOkS jHdLHd iys;& " ixia( fmaur;k ysñ je,súáfha

iy foajdkkao ysñ y,a.iaf;dg¡" 2001¡ urodk( iuhj¾Ok fmd;a y,¡

2¡ iso;a iÕrdj" ixia( f;kakfldaka"/¡" 1967. fld<U( weï. ã. .=Kfiak iy

iud.u.

3¡ ishnia,lr úia;r j¾Kkdj, ixia({dkiSy ysñ , fyakamsgf.or¡" 1964¡

fld<U( iajNdId m%ldYlfhda¡

YíofldaI(YíofldaI(

YíofldaI(YíofldaI(

YíofldaI(

1¡ bx.%Sis isxy, YíofldaIh" ixia( u,,fialr" .=Kmd,¡" ^1958&. ^1992

uqøKh&" fld<U(.=Kfiak¡

2¡ ixialD; isxy, Yío fldaIh" ixia¡ w,.shjkak" mqji;s¡" 2004¡urodk(

iQßh m%ldYlfhda¡

3¡ Oxferd Advnce Learner's dictionary,2000 ed: Sally Wehmeier, (6th

edition),Oxford:University press.

.%ka: yd ,sms(

1¡ t,shÜ à¡tia¡"1917 iïm%odh yd m%f;Hl fl!Y,Hh¡ mß( iqrùr¡ta¡ù"

1999"

iïm%odh ks¾udKh yd úpdrh"

fld<U 10( f.dvf.a m%ldYk¡

2¡ l=udriajdñ" wdkkao¡" 1962.

uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d¡

mß(tÉ¡tï¡fidaur;ak"

fld<U( ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j¡

3¡ .=kisxy" isß" 1986¡

Ñrka;k iïm%odh yd m%.;sh"

fld<U10( f.dvf.a

m%ldYk¡

4¡ ;dm¾" frdñ,d¡"1999¡

iïm%odh .ek ÿ¾u;

( bkaoSh foa;dúhka .ek kj

lshùula¡ mß( rxð;a fmf¾rd" fld<U( iudc úoHd{hskaf.a ix.uh¡

5¡ osidkdhl" úu,a¡" 2004¡

kj úpdr ixl,am( {dk lafIa;%fhys m%jK;d"

fndr,eia.uqj( úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda¡

6¡ irÉpkaø, tosßùr¡" 1967.

kdgH .fõIK

,le,Ksh( ùuxid m%ldYk.

7¡ Apte, V.S.,1965 ¡ The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary: containing

appendices on Sanskrit prosody and important literary and geographical names

of ancient India,India: Motilal Banarsidass Publ.

uekjehs Yl% foafõkaøhd úiska fkdfhla f,i lkak,õ lrk ,o uq;a

nqÿ rcdKka jykafia Tyq lS nia fkd wid uy¨ ysÕkafkl=f.a fjia

f.k .shy¡ ilaj< .f,ys uqyqfoa osh ì÷ ;rug hlaIfhda yqkay¡ l=ula

i|yd wjqoehs Tjqka nqÿrÿka w;ska úpd, l,ayS rd;%sfha kjd;eka msKsi

hhs Wkajykafia ms<s;=re ÿkay¡ fuys fkd ys| hjhs hlaIfhda lSy¡ wo

rd;%sfha muKla k;rùug l=vd ;ekla fokq uekjhs nqÿka úiska hd{d

lrk ,o l,ays hlaIfhda Wkajykafia hla fifkúhd bosßhg hejQy¡

.,la u; mgq ia:dkhl rd;%sh f.ùug hla fifkúhd úiska nqÿ rÿkag

wjir fok ,os¡ wkaOldrh me;sfr;a u nqÿrcdKka jykafia iajlSh

YÍrfhka rYañ ud,d ksl=;a lrjd ., r;a jkakg ie,iqjdyq h¡ hlaIhskag

WIaKh ksid wmdiq oefkkag úh¡ blaì;s Tjqka f.dia t mqj; hla

fifkúhdg ie< l< uq;a ta uy¨ ysÕkakdg tn÷ ydialula flfia kï

l< yels fõ oehs lshñka hla fifkúhd ta nj fkd weoyS h¡ tfy;a

WIaKh uo uo j wêl ù f.dia fl<jr oS ., .sks.;a l,la fuka

nn,kag úh¡ tl,ays hlaIfhda ish¨ fokd u ìhm;a j wjq;a nqÿka jykafia

md uq, jeà wms fiï fidgq nqosk ld,lKaKs i;a;aj j¾.hd jïy" wmg

wkqlïmd lr jod< uekjehs ne.Em;a j lSy¡ nqÿka jykafia Tjqka flfrys

wkqlïmd Wmojd uu f;dmg wNh foñ¡ tfy;a f;dm úiska ud lshk

nia weiqj ukd h¡ ukqIHhska yg frda. Wmøj we;s lsÍug uu f;dmg

jrï foñ¡ tfy;a tn÷ wjia:djl oS weÿrka úiska f;dm le|jd fod<

msfoaks fok ,o l,ayS f;dm úiska tu ia:dkhg meñK fod< msfoaks

ms<sf.k wd;=rhd iqj fldg hd hq;= hhs wK fldg ilaj< ., h<s mshú

iajNdjhg m;a fldg t;ekska jeä fialZZ^irÉpkaø" isxy, .eñ kdglh "

1999(41&¡

44

44

4. 'Tradition' Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIhg wkqjTlaia*¾â YíofldaIhg wkqj

Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIhg wkqjTlaia*¾â YíofldaIhg wkqj

Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIhg wkqj:

•1 [mass noun] the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to

generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way:members of different

castes have by tradition been associated with specific occupations

•[count noun] a long-established custom or belief that has been passed

on from one generation to another:Japan's unique cultural traditions

•[in singular] an artistic or literary method or style established by an

artist, writer, or movement, and subsequently followed by

others:visionary works in the tradition of William Blake

•2 Theology a doctrine believed to have divine authority though not in

the scriptures, in particular:

•[mass noun] (In Christianity) doctrine not explicit in the Bible but held

to derive from the oral teaching of Christ and the Apostles.

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

94 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 95

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

6 mßÉfþoh

fn!oaO udkjjdoh

ksoyia udkjjd§ Ñka;dj,sfha mqfrda.dó woyia iuqodh

yd tajd ms<sn| úfõpk mQ¾jfhka idlÉPd lf<ñ¡ tys §

ì%;dkH Ñka;lhkaf.a woyia flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla fhduq

lrk ,§¡ reishka" m%xY" c¾uka yd Ndr;Sh udkjjd§ iïm%odhka

fuys § idlÉPd fkd l< nj o i|yka l< hq;= h¡ udkjjd§

úpdr Ndú;h ,xldj ;=< m%p,s; lrkq ,enQfha ud¾áka

úl%uisxy úisks¡ th Ydia;%Sh iïNdIKh ;=< ia:dmkh lrkq

,enQfha tÈrsùr irÉpkaø úisks¡ ud¾áka úl%uisxy ksoyia

udkjjd§ Ñka;dj,shg fn!oaO o¾Ykfha we;eï wx. tla fldg

th fn!oaO h:d¾:jdoh f,i fyda we;eï úfgl fn!oaO

udkjjdoh f,i Ndú; lrk ,§¡ fu l, o fn!oaO úpdr

kHdhl wjYH;dj È.ska È.g u u;= fjñka mj;sk neúka ta

ms<sn| hï úuiqula lsÍug fï mßÉfþoh fjka lrkq ,efí¡

isxy, iïNdjH idys;H úpdrh imqrd u ixialD; yd

md,s idys;H úpdrh mokï fldg mej;s nj w;S;h foi

úuiqï weiska neÆ l, mila fõ¡ ixialD; idys;H úpdr

kHdh fndfyda fihska Ndú;fha mj;sk w;r tys tk ri"

èjksh" pu;aldrh" jHxckdj" T!Ñ;Hh" Í;s .=K jeks fhÿï

fkd okafkda isxy, idys;Hh o;=jka w;r w,amhy¡ t;rï u

il= újiqï uÕ fy<fhys m%p,s; h¡ tfy;a md,s iïm%odh ;=<

ks¾udKh ù jeã j¾Okh j wk;=re j hgm;a j .sh idys;H

úpdr l%uhla o mej;sK¡ th wka;¾.;h w;ska imqrd u fn!oaO

úh¡ fn!oaO úpdr Ndú;fha w;S; ,l=Kq fidhkafkl= md,s

idys;Hh mßYS,kh l< hq;= h¡ ud¾áka úl%uisxy o ish fn!oaO

h:d¾:jd§ úpdr l%uh ix.%y lsÍu i|yd f:ars .d:d" f:ar

.d:d wdÈh ióm j weiqre lf<a h¡ fn!oaO úpdr iïm%odh

8¡ Barker, Chris.,2005. Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice.London: Sage.

9¡ Barthes, Roland .,1991. Mythologies . translated from the French by Annette

Lavers, New York: The Noonday Press.

10¡ Barucha, Rustom.,1990. Theatre and The World - Essays on Performance

and Politics on Culture, India: Manohar Publications.

11¡ Eagleton,Terry(1996).Literary Theory: An Introduction. 2nd edition .

Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.

12¡ Ebert, Gabriele (2006), Ramana Maharshi: His Life , Lulu.com

13¡ Giddens, Anthony., 1998. Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making

Sense of Modernity. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

14¡ Gombrich.R and ,Obeysekara.G., 1988.Buddhism Transformed:Religious

change in Sri Lanka, Princeton: Princeton University press.

15¡ Gupta, R., 2002. Sampradaya in Eighteenth Century Caitanya Vaisnavism,

India:ICJ

16¡ Hobs Bawm ,Eric.,1983. Introduction: Inventing Traditions. The Invention

Of Tradition, (Ed:) Eric Hobsbawm And Terence Ranger, pp.1-14.Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

17¡ Leavis, F. R., 1950.The Great Tradition. New York: George W. Stewart,

Publisher Inc.

18¡ Perera ,Nihal.,1998. Society and Space:Colonialism Nationalism and

Postcolonial Identity in Sri Lanka, Boulder:Westview Press.

19¡ Strathern, Marilyn.,1996. Enabling Identity? Biology, Choice and the New

Reproductive Technologies. in Questions of Cultural Identity(ed:) Stuart

Hall and Paul du Gay, London,Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications.

20¡ Saussure, Ferdinand de., 1966.Course in General Linguistics. (trans. Wade

Baskin) London: Hill Book Company.

E-Books:

1¡Barry,Peter.,2002. Beginning theory. [e-book] Wales:University Press. Available

through: lanquiz .org website [30.12.2012].

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

96 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 97

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

.oH moH ldjHhkays muKla fkdj kdgHfhys o

mido ixfõ. ri fol fï whqßka u fhdok ,± hs ms<s.ekSug

lreKq fmfka¡ OïumoÜG l:dfjys hulj.a. jKaKkdfjys

tk w.a.idjl j;a:qfjys fufia i|yka fjhs¡

zz oafõms talf;dj ksiSÈ;ajd iuÊcx miaika;d

yis;ínÜGdfka yika;s ixfõ.ÜGdfka

ixfõ.x ckhka;s odhx od;=x hq;a;ÜGdfka

odhx foka;sZZ^Oïudkkao ysñ" 1898(58-63&¡

fuys woyi kï zzhy¿fjda fofok ^Wm;siai flda,s;

fofokd miq j ießhq;a uq.,ka kñka oE.iõfjda jQy& tla j

ys| kdgH n,kakdyQ iskd ish hq;= ;ek iskdfi;s" ÿla úh hq;=

;ek ÿla fj;s" ;E.s Èh hq;= ;ek ;E.s fo;sZZ hkqhs¡ fï nqÿoyug

wkqj l< ri úkaokhla ms<sn| úia;rhls¡ tys o mido" ixfõ.

fo rih .eí jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s j u fmfka¡ tÈrsùr

irÉpkaøhka ish ukfï kdglh ksujQfha fu mßoafoks¡

zz wid fu fmdrK mqj; okjk ri lreK

fodid we;;a wm w; bjid fu;a is;sk

frdid fkdj lsisÿ myka ixfõ. ú¢k

f,id hÈuq woßka úh;=ks ifí isákZZ

^ukfï - ux., iskaÿjg fmr fmdf;a bkaksih&

fï wkqj tod fkdj j¾;udkfha o myka ixfõ.h

riúkaokfha wruqK f,i mj;sk nj kdgH wOHhkh l< o

fmfkhs¡

wkqrmqr iufhys uq,a ;eka f.k mej;s fï myka ixfõ.

okjk ldjH" Bg iuld,Sk .%Sl frdau jeishkaf.a fYdaldka;"

iqLdka; hk rihkag iudk nj fmfkhs¡ bx.%Sisfhys fï ri

fol fhÿK kdgH ms<sfj<ska Ü/cä iy flduä hk fo

kñka ye¢kafjhs¡ Ü/cä hkq fYdal ckl isoaêhlska fndfyda

úg urKhlska fl<jr jk kdgHhhs¡ flduä hkq ydiHfhka

wjika jk kdgHhhs ^mSg¾ is,ajd" 1967(9-11&¡

fidhkq jia md,s idys;Hh ;=< jeã j¾Okh jQ kka úuiqï ux

fidaod myod .kakg wdpd¾h weï¡tÉ¡ mSg¾ is,ajd úh;=ka ±rE

m%h;akh meiish hq;= h¡ Tjqkaf.a zzÑrka;k idys;H úfõpkhZZ

lD;sh foig fhduq fjuq¡

zznqÿ oyu fuys iem;a j ta bf.kSu fuys m;< Èkfhys

mgka fid<S n,hg rg hg;a jk f;la u nqÿ oyug iqÿiq fia

ilia jqKq lõ u.la yd úpdr u.la o jQ njg we;eï idOl

,efí¡

mido ckfla Gdfka

;:d ixfõ. ldrfla

ckhka;d midoxp

ixfõ.x p iqkd: ;x

hk uydjxY mdGfhka t<sjk mßÈ tl, meje;s úpdr uÕ

zzmido ixfõ. rihka ZZ Woa§mkh lrjk ldjH úpdrh hs¡

tl, ldjHfhys ri folls¡ tkï mido fyj;a myka nj yd

ixfõ. hk fo rihs¡ tl, isxy, uyd ldjHfhys o fï ri

fol uq,a fldg i,lk ,± hs is;sh yels h¡ md,s uyd jxYh

uyd ldjHhls¡ th ,shQ l;=jrhd fmr i|yka l< .d:dfjka

mido ixfõ. rihka .ek mejiQfha rdc jxYh fuka u Ydik

jxYh o yl=<d md,sfhka ,shQ tys myka" ixfõ. hk fo ri u

ksmoùug yels wjia:djla .eí jk fyhsks¡

:QmjxY l;=jrhd ;u ldjHfhys rih y÷kajkafka

zzidOq ck ufkda midok;a:dhZZhk mdGfhks¡ iqokkaf.a is;a

meyeoùu i|yd h hkq tys woyi hs¡ ÿla uqiq mqj;ska f;dr jQ

i;=g muKla we;s lrjk jia;=jla uq,a fldg ne÷Kq ljlska

we;s l< yelafla mido rih muKs¡ fuh Í;shla fia

i,l;fyd;a fu jeks ks.ukhlg meñKsh yels h¡ tkï"

merKs isxy, ldjH iuyrla mido rifhka o" iuyrla ixfõ.

rifhka o iuyrla mido ixfõ. hk fo rifhka o hq;= j

n|kd ,oafoa h hkq hs. ZZ

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

98 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 99

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fn!oaO iïm%odh ;=< j¾Okh jQ ri ms<sn| ixl,amh

fia u merKs md,s NdId.; fn!oaO úpdr iïm%odh fln÷ o

hkak úuiSu o jeo.;a fõ¡ ta i|yd kej;;a wms mSg¾ is,ajdf.a

úu¾Yk foig fhduq fjuq¡

zztl, mej;s úfõpk ud¾.h úia;r lrk

jxi;a:mamldiskS l;=jrhd fufia olajhs¡

zkduxp mßudKxp - mrsÉfþox mfhdackx

ta;x p;=íìOx[;ajd - NdfihH;a:x úplaLfKda Z

ldjHfhys w¾:h l:kh lrk ;eke;a;d tys kduh o"

m%udKh o mrsÉfÊo o m%fhdack o hk i;r ldrKh o; hq;=

nj fuhska mejfihs¡ th fufia úia;r fjhs¡

zm<uq fldg u úYsIAg jQ" ish¨ i;=kag W;=ï jQ

nqÿkajykafiag kuialdr lghq;= h¡ blaì;s j

;ud úiska weish hq;= .%ka:h kdu jYfhka o;

hq;= h¡ bkslaì;s j tu .%ka:fhys mrsudKh o;

hq;= h¡ bka miqj tys mrsÉfþo o; hq;= h" bka

blaì;sj th weiSfuys m%fhdack o; hq;= h¡ tys

jkdyS kuialdrfhka wka;rdh úfidaOkh fjhs¡

ku ±kSfuka fï .%ka:h fï kuehs jia;= jYfhka

±k .ekSu myiq fjhs¡ mrsudKh ±k.ekafuka

oyï weiSfuys W;aidyh jefvhs¡ mrsÉfþo

±kafuka weish hq;= .%ka:fhys iM, Ndjh

wjfndaO fjhs¡ZZ

.%ka:lrKfhys § i,lk ,o lreKq olajk

wkqreoaOdpd¾hfhda wNsO¾ud¾: ix.%y ikakfhys fufia olaj;a(

zz m<uq fldg r;ak;%h m%KdudNsfèh lrk m%ldr

m%lrKdNsOdk m%fhdack hk fï m[apd¾:h

±laúh hq;= hZZ¡

merKs weÿfrda .%ka:lrKfha § ie,l+ lreKq mi fufia

±lajQy(

fï .ek ud¾áka úl%uisxyfhda fufia mji;s¡

zzwkqrdOmqrfhys iudê m%;sudj myka ixfõ.

okjk pu;aldrhla we;s ks¾udK

i;a;djls¡¡¡¡¡¡wkqldrl Ys,amSkaf.a ksIamdok

hkaf.ka úfkdaodiajdoh ,eîug mqreÿ jqKq

bkaøshhka yd is;a we;a;kag ta m%;sudfõ wre;a

ye¢k .ekSu myiq fkdfõ¡ ta ishqï wre;a

jegfykafka iudêfhys Ñ;a; ffp;isl

úNd.h;a tys wOHd;au iqkaor;ajh;a ms<sn|

yeÕSula yd ±kqula we;s j ta m%;sudj tlu

ks¾udK i;a;djla f,i i,ldf.k

úuikakdg h¡ kshu l,d;aul ks¾udKhlg

ysñ myka ixfõ. okjk pu;aldrh we;af;a

ta iudê m%;sudfjys idl,H w¾:fhys

hZZ^úl%uisxy¡" 1964^2008&(172&¡

myka ixfõ.fhys w.h úl%uisxyfhda ;j o w.h;a"

zzfyd| kjl:djlska fyda moH ldjHhlska fyda

,nk pu;aldrh ye¢kaùug zmyka ixfõ.Z hk

jyr w.fka h¡ zridiajdohZ hk f,daldh;

^f,!lsl&jyrg jvd mq¿,a wre;la zmyka ixfõ.Z

hk jpkj,ska m%lg fjhs¡ mykaZ hkq isf;ys

meye§uhs¡ meyeÿKq is; wx.=;a;r ksldfhys wdú,

Ñ;a; iQ;%fhka y÷kajkafka" ismams ila fn,a,ka

yd leg leì,s;s o weig yiq lrk" msßisÿ" fkd

le<UqKd jQ Èh we;s ú,la f,isksZZ

ixfõ. hk moh Oïmshd wgqjd .egmolre y÷kajkqfha

zT;mqjka kqjKZ kñks¡ zzìhùu wdldrfhka mj;akd kqjKZZ

hhs Bg iqux., YíofldaIfha § fidar; ysñfhda w¾: fo;s¡

myka ixfõ. hk jyr .eUqre wre;a fokakls¡ ri hk moh

bkaø sh yd ne÷Kq zmyiZ yd w;Hka;fhka fj<S we;s f,!lsl

fhÿuls¡ myka ixfõ.h ;=< wdkkaoh fuka u m%{dj;a yslaóu;a

Ydka;sh;a tl úg msysgd we;s fia h¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

100 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 101

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fn!oaO úpdr iïm%odh w;S;df,dalh iys; j wNskjfhka

ks¾udKh l< hq;= h¡ fuf;la wm idlÉPd l< ±kqfuka

muKla fn!oaO úpdr iïm%odhla ks¾udKh lsÍu wmyiq fõ¡

fn!oaO wdY%hla we;s l,d ks¾udK nqÿ oyfï úúO b.ekaùï

mdol fldg f.k úpdrhg ,la lsÍu l< yels h¡ WodyrKhla

f,i iqfka;%d rdclreKdkdhlf.a we;eï kjl;d nqÿ oyfï

tk ixidrh yd l¾uh hk ixl,am mokï fldg f.k

lshúh yels h¡ fndfyduhla isxy, kdgH" .S;" ldjH" kjl;d"

flál;d fn!oaO udkjjdofhys weiqfrka úpdrhg ,la l<

yels fõ¡

t fuka u fn!oaO udkjjdofha meje;au iaÓr jkqfha

fn!oaO b.ekaùï ksjerÈ j Ndú; jk iudc l%uhl hs¡ mkai,a

iy fn!oaO wdh;k ixfla;Sh j muKla wd.udkql+, j we;s

w;r iuia; iudchg;a jvd bÈßfhka tu ixia:d crd Ô¾K

j f.dia we;s ieá oDYHudk fõ¡ ish¨ iudc ixia:d ;=<

fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska uqodyßk l%shdldÍ;ajh

nqÿkajykafiaf.a b.ekaùï ;nd foõo;a f;rf.a wNs,dI o

blaujd .sh ieáhla fmkajhs¡ fu ksid úkh ix>dhkdjla

fldg ish¨ fn!oaO m%cdj kej; nqÿka jod< ud¾.hg /f.k

wd hq;= j ;sfí¡ msvqisÕd hefmk" úydrdrdu mkai,a foam<j,g

whs;sjdislï fkd lshk" pxp, ksYap, foam< ysñ ke;s"

/lshd fkd lrk" uqo,a n,h wd§ ;DIaKduQ,hkaf.ka wE;a jQ"

njqka jvk ud¾.M, ,dNS NslaIq iudchla yd nyq

NdKaäl;ajfhka f;dr wmsia Èúhla iys; .dkaê fuka Wia

wiqka ys mjd fkd ys|k" mrsirhg we¨ï lrk" úh;a l,dj

ri ú¢k" wirKhkag i,lk" m%dfhda.sl j l%shdfõ fhoúh

yels ir, iudc l%uhla .syshka i|yd o iïu; lr .ekSu

wjYH h¡ tfia fkdue;s j wm wo .; lrk nyq NdKaäl

iudch ;=< fn!oaO udkjjdohla ms<sn| l:d lsÍu ksr¾:l h¡

fn!oaO iudc jHdmdrhla iy W;a;r fndÿ ñksfila fkdue;s

j fn!oaO udkjjdoh l,dj ;=< ia:dms; lsÍu l< fkd yels

h¡ ta i|yd fn!oaO m%cdj fmrg wd hq;= j we;¡

zzix{d ksñ;a;x l¾;Drx - mrsudKx m%fhdackï

m%d.=la;ajd i¾j;ka;%dKx - w¾:x n%Ehd;a úplaIKxZZ

ix{dh" ksñ;a;h" l¾;Dh" mrsudKh" m%fhdackh " hkq ta

myhs¡ úY=oaê ud¾. ikakh" m[aÑld m%§mh wd§ .%ka:j, fï

lreKq mfya we;s jeo.;alu olajd we;¡ tkï hï lsis .%ka:hl

W.;=kaf.a ms<s.ekSu we;s jkqfha th we;s ùfï fya;=j ukd j

±k .ekSu ksid h¡ tksid ksñ;a; fï hhs ±laúh hq;= h¡ mqoa.,hka

i,lk ;eke;a;ka fmd;aj, w.h i,lkafka tys l¾;Df.a

;;ajh wkqj h¡ tfyhska l¾;D o ye¢kaúh hq;= h¡ mßudKh

lSfuka lshjkakdf.a W;aidyh jefvhs¡ tfyhska th o ±laúh

hq;= h¡ .%ka:fhys m%fhdackh ljf¾ ± hs wfmalaIdfjka isák

whf.a woyi imqrkq i|yd m%fhdack lsj hq;= hs¡

w¾:l:kh jkdyS wlaIrh" moh" jHxckh" wdldrh"

ksrela;sh" ksoafoaih" hk jH[ack IÜlfhka o" ixldik"

mldik" újrK" úNck" W;a;dkslrK" m[a[;a;s hk mo

IÜlfhka o hq;= fõ¡

fuh .=K fodaI úuiSu i|yd jQ l%uhla fkd jqk o

fm/ÿrka .;a úuiqu o wre;a ìkqfuys u ,d ie,l+ fyhska

ful,ays jik újiqfjda o ta ux o; hq;a;dy¡

merKs md,s idys;H.; fn!oaO úpdr ud¾.h tn÷ fõ¡

ud¾áka úl%uisxyhka úiska fï uÕ wkqj hñka f:aß .d:dj,

l,d;aul .=Kh u;= lr .ekSug W;aidy ork ,§ ^úl%uisxy¡"

1952&¡ Tyqf.a

Njl¾u úldYh

lD;sh u.ska fn!oaO o¾Ykfha

.eUqre ixl,am ir, j úia;r lrñka iudc.; lsÍug

W;aidyhla ord we; ^úl%uisxy¡" 1967^1993&¡ fn!oaO udkjjdoh

ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd Tyq ±rE uykaish m< fkd ±rE nj lsj hq;=

h¡ fn!oaO úpdr Ñka;djl wjYH;dj fjkqfjka fmkS isák

T,sj¾ wfíkdhl ^fn!oaO wOHhk úu¾Yk" ixia( uyñ;j

m[a[dr;k" my<.u Oïñl&¡ w.,lv isrs iquk ysñ ^is¿ñK

mqkal,i& jeks Ôjudk úoHd¾Òkaf.a m%h;akhka o M, ord

ke;¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

102 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 103

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

Wm .%ka:h -I

Èú ysñfhka /ls iod;ksl ñ;=re oul

wisßh - yÑflda

W;aifõ jHifka ffpj

ÿ¾NslafIa Y;%eixlfÜ

rdcoajdf¾ Yauidfka p

h: ;sIaG;s i ndkaOjx

zzÑ;a;dkkaolr cSjk isoaëka

wrUhd mj;ajkq ,nk ido

W;aijhkays o /lshdj ke;s ùu"

ysf¾ ú,x.=fõ jeàu" mq;%odrdoSka

frda. urKdoshg Ndck ùu"

Wkaysá;eka ke;sùu hkd§ úm;ays o wdydr mdk ke;s j

nv.skafka isàkd úg o Èis wÈis i;=rka úiska jg fldg

f.k myr fokq ,nk l,ays o kvqynj,g meg¨K úg o

fidfydka îu fj; wjika .uka hk fõf,ys o hfula t,U

isà kï ñ;%hd Tyq h¦ kEhd o Tyq u hZZ -

ishjia oyhlg fmr

il= weÿrka

zzñ;=re ;=fuda ÿla iem foflys u mej;s

î;= is;=jï rE fuka msgq fkdmdú;s ZZ

-

ishjia yhlg fmr f;dg.uqfõ Y%S rdyq, ysñ úiska ie,<sysKs

ikafoaYfha

.

zzfï iudc in|;d ;sfnk ;dla l,a

l,HdK ñ;% iïm;a;sh mj;afka wkd.;fha

idlaId;a lr.; hq;= isyskhla f,i muKs¡

wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:

wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:

wdY%s; .%ka:(

1¡ úl%uisxy, ud¾áka¡" 1952¡ f;ars .S, .,alsiai( ujqkaÜ hka;%d,h

2¡ _______________ ¡"1967^1993& Njl¾u úldYh, foysj,( ;sir m%ldYk'

3¡_______________. "1964^2008& ,isxy, úpdr uÕ, rdc.srsh( iri m%ldYk¡

4¡ OïumoÜGl;dj " ixia(Oïudkkao ysñ ví,shq¡"1898" fld<U( .%ka: m%ldY

hka;%d,h¡

5¡ mSg¾ is,ajd" weï¡tÉ¡" 1967"

Ñrka;k idys;H úfõpkh" fld<U( ixialD;sl

lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

104 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 105

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

foi n,hs' zzThd w;rux fj,d o l=laflda ZZ lshñka fyf;u

n¨ l=lald jvdf.k iqr;,a lrhs¡ n¨ meáhd ÿïßh md,l

fj; oS W! kshu whs;slre fj;g ,efnkak ie,eiaùug mdl¾

W;aidy or;;a Bg ÿïßh md,lf.ka iydhla fkd ,efí¡

úfkdao pdßldjl f.dia ksjig tñka isá mdl¾g fï w¨;a

wuq;a;d o iu. ksjig hdug isÿfõ¡

wuq;a;d ish ldurfha iq/ls j ;nd mdl¾f.a ìrs| jQ

flaÜ ú,aika iuÕ fyf;u fodvu¿ j fjfi;a oS n¨ meáhd

fodr yerf.k by< ud,hg meñK flaÜf.a fomd f,jld

flaÜ l,n,hg m;alrhs¡ wk;=rej n¨ meáhd ldg fyda oSu

fj; ke;fyd;a whs;sldrhd fidhd oSu fj; mdl¾ fhduq

jkqfha" flaÜ n¨ meáhd fkdrsiaiQ fyhsks¡ úúO W;aidyhka

.;a; o n¨ meáhd i|yd whs;slrefjl= bosrsm;a fkd fõ¡ fï

w;r;=r mdl¾f.a úYajúoHd,hSh weÿre i.fhl+ jQ zzflaka ZZ

fj; n¨ l=lald bosrsm;a lrhs¡ l=laldf.a f.f,ys me<¢

ixfla;h cmka wfÜ ^8& b,lalu jk nj;a th jdikdfõ

ixfla;h nj;a fyf;u fy<s lrhs¡ zzyÖZZ hkq tu ixfla;h

hs' mdl¾ tu i,l=fKa ku n¨l=laldf.a ku f,i Ndú;

lrhs¡ wk;=re j yÖ f.or oS lrkd oÕ lï yd ta ish,a, i|yd

mdl¾ iudj foñka n¨ l=laldg olajk wdorh yd lreKdj;a

wmg olakg yels fõ¡ n,a,d fnda,hla weys£u jeks ir,

lghq;=j,g mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd mdl¾ ld,h fhdojhs¡

fjkodg jvd i;=áka mdl¾f.a ld,h .; fõ¡ ÿrl:kh

kdofõ¡ flaÜ ÿrl:khg ms<s;=re fohs¡ mdl¾ iy wekaä tkï

mdl¾ yd flaÜ hqj<f.a kj fh!jk oshKsh n¨ l=lald iu.

fi,a,ï lrkq flaÜ cfka,fhka olS¡ n¨ l=laldf.a whs;sh

m%ldY lrkafkl= ÿka ÿrl:k weu;=u w;r ;=r n¨l=lald ish

mjq,g noaO ù we;s wdldrh olsk flaÜ n¨ l=lald ldgj;a

fkd oS yod jvd .kakg ;SrKh lrhs¡

mdl¾" ksjfia isg ÿïrsh fmd<g hk úg Tyq miq mi

ÿïrsh fmd<g hdug;a iji 5'00 jk úg h<s ÿïßh fmd<

wi, jgrjqï ;dmamh u; ys| mdl¾ meñfKk ;=re uÕ n,d

isàug;a yÖ mqreÿ fjhs' w;ruÕ isák fjf<kaoka lvlrejka

wmg isák l,K ñ;=frda o idfmalaI l,K

ñ;=frda fj;s¡ tfy;a ñksid weiqfrys jik

n,a,ka l=re,a,ka jeks i;a;aj

fhdaks.;fhda wfma ÿl iefmys fkd fjkia

j mj;s;a" Tjqkg wfma ÿl iem wefÕhs¡

Tjqkg ;sfnk tlu ndOdj kï l;d lr

ta nj lshd.kakg neß úuhs¡ wm uerS .sh

úg Tjqyq o ta fidúka ;eù ueÍ h;s¡ -

uydpd¾h iqprs; .ï,;a - 1992" ie,<sysKs

ikafoaY ixialrKh¡

wdf,dalj;a mka;s ldurhla ;=< uOH ióm leurd

fldaKhlska igyka jQ rEm fm<ls' tfldf<dia úhe;s l=vd

oershla ;ud leu;s ùr prs;hla ms<sno l;djla mj;ajhs' wef.a

l;dj wjika j;a u tu mka;sfha u frdkS kue;s orejdf.a

jdrh t<fò¡ Tyq ish ùrhdf.a ku fndaâ ,E,af,a igyka

lrhs¡ zzyÑflda ZZ hkq ta kuhs¡ Tyq l;dj wrUhs¡ zzyÑflda

lshkafka uf.a iShd we;s lrmq n,a,f. ku' thd yrsu w;aN+;

if;la' thd wdfj fldfykao lsh, ljodj;a lõrej;a

oekf.k ysáfh keye'.. ZZ Ñ;%mgfha kdudj,sh ;srh u;

os.yef¾¡ orejd ;jÿrg;a l:dj lshkq wmg wefia¡ cmdkfha

fYka úydrhl iqúi,a >Kagdj kdo lrk ysñkuls¡ l=vd n¨

megfjl= Wvg Tijd ysñku úiska W! oe,a fmÜáhlg nyd,kq

,nhs¡ wk;=rej ,smskhla ,shd fmÜáh ;emE, fj; fhduq

lrhs¡ g%la r:hl f.dia .=jka.; ù kej; ÿïßh fmd<lg

leurdj fhduq fõ¡ l=vd n¨ l=lald oe,a fmÜáh ;=< m%jdykh

jkq wmg fmfkhs' ÿïßhfmdf<a oS fmÜáfha f,an,h leä

iq<fÕa hhs¡ nvq /f.k hk fg%d,sfhka ìug fmrf<k oe,a

fmÜáh yd l¿ iqÿ rEm rduq u.ska n¨ l=lald olsk wjg

f,dalh ms<sno Ñ;%;a rEmdj,sh u; os. yef¾¡ b;d wiSrefjka

oe,a fmÜáh újD; lr.kakd yqrenqyqá n¨ meáhd t<shg ú;a

ÿïßh fmdf<a osjhhs¡ " fnärsÊ" kue;s wNjH ÿïßh fmdf<a

u.S fõosldj u; fi,shq,¾ ÿrl:khlska l;dlrñka

meñfKk zzmdl¾ ú,aika ZZ wdpd¾hjrhd wmg Èiafõ¡ fmr

iir iqmqreÿ oiqkla fihska n¨ meáhd b;d ´kElñka mdl¾

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

106 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 107

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fnärsÊ ÿïßh fmd< fj; meñK mdl¾ meñfKk ;=re uÕ

n,ñka isàhs¡

yÖ okakd y÷kk mosl fjf<kaoka yd u.Ska Tyqg

,ndfok fidÉpï wdydr fõ,lska iekyS rd;%S jk úg kj;d

we;s ÿïßhl hgg ù ksoshhs¡ kej; jrla wekaäf.a iajdñhd

yÖ ksjig /f.k hk uq;a yÖ wjia:djla ,o ú.i wekaäf.a

ksjiska kslau ÿïrsh fmd< bosßmi jg rjqug ths¡ fuf,i

yÖ wiSrefjka ;nd .ekSu ksr¾:l nj f;areï.;a wekaä"

yÑf.a lreKdnr oEfia we;s wdhdpkd;aul nj bjikq fkdyS

f.aÜgqj újr fldg l÷¿ nr oEiska hq;= j yÖg iuq fohs' iqj

myiq osúh yerod ish ñh .sh iajdñhd meñfKk f;la uÕ

n,d isàu kue;s jD;h msKsi wìkslaukays fhfok yÖ" ish

ñh.sh wdorKSh mshd fjkqfjka cSú;h lem lsrSug kslau hk

mjqf,a wdorKSh u i.hd jQ yÖ foi n,d isák wekaäf.a

fidanr o¾Ykh olsk fm%aCIl fokqjka l÷<ska keyefõ¡

ld,h flfuka kslau hhs¡ jika;h" .sïydkh" YS; R;=j

wd§ R;= fjkia fjñka ld,h fõ.fhka yud hhs¡ yÖ ms<sn|

m;a;rj, m<fõ¡ th olsk uydpd¾h flka ÿïßh fmd<

Ndrlreg yÖf.a wdydr úhoï tjhs¡ lfhka ÿ¾j¾K j .sh o

ish iajdñhdf.a meñKSu wfmaCIdfjka o,ajd.;a yoj;ska hq;=

yÖf.a úvdnr uqyqK h<s h<s;a wms olsuq¡

mdl¾ ú,aikaf.a fidfydka fld; wNshi u,a l,Ula

;nd Bg wdpdr lrk flaÜ ú,aika uy;añh ;srfha osiafõ¡

uydpd¾h flka o t;ekg meñfKa¡ uydpd¾h mdl¾ ú,aika

ñhf.dia jir 10la msreKq oskh thhs¡ flaÜ ú,aikaf.a fida

nr oEia wm ;=< uy;a lïmkhla we;s lrhs¡ uydpd¾h flka o

jDoaO Ndjfha i,l=Kqj,ska jeiS hñka mj;sk nj wmg fmfkhs¡

fofokd u fnârsÊ ÿïrsh fmd<g meñfKa¡

jir 10lg miq''' yrshg u jir 10lg miq ish wdorKSh

iajdñhd meñfKk ;=re wìkslauka lr ÿlaL fNdack yd ÿlaL

fihahdjkaf.ka mßmSä; j ld,hdf.a reÿ myßka ;e¿ï lE

kuqÿ ish yojf;ys fkd ksù oe,afjk fifkyi Wfoid uÕ

n,ñka ;ju;a oEia whd isàk yÖ" flaÜ ú,aikaf.a fk;

ish¨ fokd yÖf.a ñ;=rka fõ¡ fuf,i ld,h .; ù hhs¡

mdl¾ iy flaÜ w;r we;s wfkHdkH wdorh;a ish oshKsh jQ

wekaä iy flaÜ hqj< w;r we;s ióm in|;dj;a rEm rduq mqrd

os. yef¾¡ yÖ" mdl¾ mjqf,a isõ jk idudðlhd ;rug u

mjqf,a jeo.;a i.fhl= fõ¡ Tjqfkdjqka tlsfkld flfrys jQ

W;=, fu;a isisf,ka yd wdorfhka l,a miqjk whqre w;sYh

iqkaor fõ¡ wekaäf.a újdy Èkfha .;a m%Odk PdhdrEmj, yÖ

o isáhs¡ yÖ - ú,aika mjqf,a u idudðlfhls¡

Èkla mdl¾ úYajúoHd,hg hdug msg;a jk úg yÖ Bg

lsisu wkql+,;djla fkd olajhs¡ Tyqf.a .ukg yÖ ndOd lrhs¡

mdl¾ ÿïßh fmd<g .sh úg ;udg fi,a,ï lsrSug mqyqKq l<

ly meye;s fnda,h o /f.k yÖ mdl¾ fj; hhs¡ ÿïßh

fmdf<a § yÖ fnda,h mdl¾ fj; § Tyqf.a .ukg h<s h<s;a

ndOd lrhs¡ th fkd ;lk mdl¾ úYajúoHd,hg hhs¡

wk;=rej foaYk Yd,dfõ mdl¾ foaYkhla lrñka isákq

o¾Ykh fõ¡ yÖ f.kú;a ÿka fnda,h Tyq w; we;¡ b;d

wiSrefjka mdl¾ foaYkh lrk nj fmfkhs¡ wk;=rej foaYk

Yd,dj ;=< mdl¾ weojefghs¡ fnda,h w;ska .s,syS úis ù hhs¡

yÖ kshñ; fõ,djg ÿïßhfmd< bosßmsg mdl¾ meñfKk

f;la u. n,ñka isàhs¡ uOHu rd;%sh o miq úh¡ wjika ÿïßh

o kslau f.dia h¡ r:hlska meñKs wekaä yd wef.a iajdñhd yÖ

máhlska .eg.idf.k jdykfha oudf.k hhs¡ wk;=rej iqidk

N+ñfha mdl¾f.a wjika lghq;= isÿflfrk wdldrh fj;

rEm rduq fÊokh fõ¡

mdl¾ úiQ merKs ksjyfka ish¨ nvq ndysrdosh bj;a

fldg f.k ksji yerod wekaäf.a ksjig hdug ierfik

mdl¾ mjq, wk;=re j wmg fmfkhs¡ flaÜ ú,aika o b;d

fidanr j ksji yerod hdug iqodkï h¡ yÖ o r:hlg

kxjdf.k Bg ;rula ÿßka msysà ksjil mosxÑhg ú,aika

mjq, kslau h;s¡ ukd j ieliQ l+vqjla yÖg ,eî we;¡ ish,a,

fyd|ska isÿfõ¡ wjia:djla ,o ú.i ksjiska mek .kakd yÖ

ÿïßh ud¾.h Tiafia wmuK ÿla .eyeg ú¢ñka osj ú;a kej;;a

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

108 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 109

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

uehs udifha oS yosisfha ñh .sfha h¡ t;eka mgka 1934 j¾Ifha

ud¾;=fõ oS ñh hk f;la u yÖ Shibuya ÿïrsh fmd< bÈßmi

jg rjqfï ish iajdñhd tk;=re uÕ n,d isáfha h¡ yÑfldag

Wmydr f,i tu ia:dkfha ;Uj,ska l< yÑfldaf.a ms<srejla

;ekam;a fldg we;¡

fï i;H isoaêh mokï lrf.k uq,ska u cmdkfhys

cmka niska Ñ;%mghla ks¾udKh úh¡ th Hachiko monogatari

kï úh¡ th Kaneto Shindo iy Seijiro Koyama úiska

wOHCIKh lrk ,os¡ 1999 oS ksIamdokh jQ zzyÑflda ZZ fyd,sjqâ

Ñ;%mgh wOHCIKh lrkq ,enqfõ Lasse Hallstrom úisks¡

ksIamdokh lf<a Vicki Shigekunni wong, But Johnson , Richsrd

Gere hk wh úisks¡ ixialrKh Kristina Boden úiska lrk

,§¡ mshdfkdaj mokï lr.;a <.kakd ix.S;h Jan

A.P.Kaczmarek úisks¡ yÖf.a cSú;fha úúO woshr ksrEmKh

jk mrsos i;=ka iïnkaëlrKh lsÍfï ld¾h bgq lrk ,oafoa

Boone Nart úisks¡ mdl¾ ú,aika uydpd¾hjrhdf.a prs;h

ksfhdackh lrkqfha fuys ksIamdok ld¾hg iïnkaO jk

m%ùK k¿ Richard Gere h¡ flaÜ ú,aika f,i Joam Allen

rÕmdhs¡ Ken keu;s cmka uydpd¾hjrhd f,i Cary-

Hiroynkitagawa rÕmdhs¡ wekaä f,i Sarah Koemer rÕmdk

w;r wekaäf.a mq;d frdkSf.a prs;h Kevin Decoste kï <ud

k¿jd ksrEmKh lrhs¡

weursldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 16l úhoñka ksIamdokh l< yÑflda

Ñ;%mgh ;sr.; ùu wjidkfha weußlka fvd,¾ ñ,shk 45l

wdodhula Wmhd ;snqKs¡ Stage 6 Films wdh;kh úiska Ñ;%mgh

fnod yrskq ,enQ w;r wdrïNfha oS rgj,a 25l m%o¾Ykh flßK¡

Ñ;%mgh m%ldYhg m;a jQ oskh f,i i|yka jkqfha

2009 wf.daia;= 8 jk od hs¡ Odjk ld,h ñks;a;= 104 ls¡ ksIamdos;

rg weursld tlai;a ckmoh jk w;r NdId udOHh bx.%Sis fõ¡

ie¡hq(

fï ,smsh 2011 cqks ui 12 jk bßod rdjh mqj;amf;a ud úiska

m< lrkq ,enQjls¡ th Ñ;%mg riúkaokhls¡ tys § Ndú;

kHdhsl ia:djrh udkjjd§ fõ¡

.efÜ¡ flaÜf.a cSú;h fndfyda fihska fjkia j f.dia h¡

weh l%ufhka jDoaO Ndjhg meñK we;¡ yÖf.a cSú;h fjkia

ù ke;¡ fjk;a iajdñfhl=f.a fijK fkd me;+ yÖ uydpd¾h

mdl¾ tk ;=re oi jila l,a n,ñka isg we;¡ ta olsk flaÜ

yÖ fj; meñK yÖ ;=re,a lr .kS¡ ish ieñhd fjkqfjka

;ud mjd fkd l< ;rï lemùula l< fï Wodr i;ajhd

flf¾ flaÜ ;=< Wmka f.!rjh iñm fldaKhlska rEm rduqjg

kÕd we;¡ Ñ;%mgfha we;s wkqfõokSh u rEm rduqj th hhs

lsjfyd;a ksjeros h¡ iqkLfhl= jqj;a yÖf.a yoj; ;=< ish

iajdñhd flfrys jQ ta wdorh flf;la kï .eUqre oehs wmg

isf;a¡ blsh iÕjd lÿ¿ i,k flaÜ ú,aika ue;sksh iuÕ

wms ish,af,da u y~ kafkuq¡ ;srsika i;a;ajhl= jqj;a yÖ ;=<

mej;s wmßñ; jQ W;=ï wdorKSh nj wm yoj;a lïmd lrjhs¡

Ñ;%mgfha mYapd;a Nd.h ;=< wekaäf.a mjq, yd frdkS kue;s

fuu Ñ;%mgfha mQ¾j rx.fhys isák flaÜ yd mdl¾f.a uqkqmqrd

tkï wekaäf.a mq;d iy flaÜ ú,aika ue;sksh w;r ióm

in|;dj yd yÖ uqyqK fok ÿla .eyeg ms<sno iúia;r

rEmdj,shla Ñ;%mgh ;=< os. yef¾¡

ysu jefgk tla YS;, rd;%shl wjika ÿïßh o kslau

hhs¡ jDoaO j Yla;sfhka msßyS .sh yÑflda ish iajdñhd yd .;

l< iqkaor wjosfhys u;l igyka iaurKh lrhs¡ isysfkka

.E iqj|la fihska ksla u .sh o ta w;S; iaurKfhka m%uqos; j

b,smqkq yÖf.a úvdnr uqyqK ;srh mqrd ióm rEmhlska osiafõ¡

mdl¾ ÿïßh fmd< fodrgqfjka meñK wdorKSh f,i yÖ

wu;hs¡ msïfï mdl¾ fj; osjhk yÖ Tyqf.a WKqiqfuka

iekfia¡ ta w;S; isyskh iu. jir oyhla ;siafia ish iajdñhd

tk ;=re uÕ n,ñka isá ÿïßhfmd< bosrsmi jg rjqfï ysu

hyk u; yÖ wjika iqiqï fmdo jd ;,hg uqiq lrhs¡ ióm

rEmhlska ksreoaO j .sh yÖf.a rej wmg fmfkhs¡ ta oEia jeiS

we;¡ ish¨ fmaCIlhkaf.a oEia fnd|ù f.dia h¡ ta l÷<sks¡

yÑflda Ñ;%mgh i;Hh isÿùula f;aud fldg ks¾udKh

jQjls¡ i;H jYfhka u Ôj;a jQ yÑflda Wm; ,enqfõ 1923 oS

cmdkfha Odate j, h¡ yÑfldaf.a iajdñhd jQfha fgdalsfhda

úYaj úoHd,fha uydpd¾h Eisabaro Neon h . fyf;u 1925

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

110 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 111

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

—¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡iqúi,a fjdIskagka kqjr isák m%n,

iqÿ cd;sl kdhl ;=ud wmf.a bvï ñ, oS .ekSug

we;s Tyqf.a wfmalaIdj m%ldY fldg isà¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tfy;a ks,a wyi;a fmd<fõ we;s

WKqiqu;a úlsKsh yelafla fyda ñ, oS .; yelafla

fyda flfia oehs ug fkd f;afrhs¡ fuu woyi

wmg kï wreuhls¡ iq<fÕa we;s mú;% kejqï nj;a

c,fha we;s m%Ndu;a nj;a wm ika;l fkdfõ

kï tajd Tn ñ, § .kafka flfia o@

fï uyfmd<fõ iEu ìï wÕ,la u udf.a

ck;djg mQckSh h¡ iqúY=oaO h¡ <ysre t<sfhka

nenf<k foajodr .iaj, iEu isys,a m;%hla u

mq<sk ;,hkaf.ka jeiqKq iEu fjr< ;Srhla u

iEu t<suyka ìula u w÷ßka nr jk fm;a isidrd

we;s ñysÿï i¿jla u ìÕ= ko m;=rk iEu l=vd

cSúfhla u udf.a ck;djf.a Ñ;a; ika;dkfha o

w;aoelSï iuqodfha o Y=oaO jia;+ka fj;s¡ .iaj,ska

rErd nisk iEu oshr ì÷jla u r;= bkaoshdkq cd;sh

ms<sn| u;l igyka bosrshg f.k ths¡¡¡¡¡¡¡˜

isheg,af.a §¾> f,aLkh mqrd fidndoyu yd ish

ck;dj w;r we;s in|;dj b;d úÑ;% f,i ú.%y flfrhs¡

fuf,i f,dj mqrd u fidndofuys wisrs isrs úúO idys;H

l,d wdosfhys m%;sks¾udKh ù we;s whqre ukrï fõ¡ ñksid o

we;=<;a fid÷re fidnd oyfï w.h uekúka oefkkafkda ixfõoS

ukqIHfhda fj;a¡ Tjqyq ta fid÷re fõohs;hka u;= mrmqrg o

Wreu lr fokafka uehs¡ fï tjeks ;e;ls¡ r;ak YS% úfÊisxyhka

úiska rÑ; fï .Sh fidndoyu wmg oS we;s w¾>Kh fldg

ksu úh fkd yels odhdo iuQyh ms<sn| jels is;=jfula u

fjhs¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡uf. ÿfõ Tn wjosfhka kï

fï /fha ñysrs u fj,djhs

fodr werka t<shg wdfjd;ska

fï ñysrs foaj,a kqUgu hs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

Wm .%ka:h - II

uf. ÿfõ Tn wjosfhka kï¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

.dhkh( lreKdr;ak osjq,a.fka¡

mo rpkh( r;ak YS% úfÊisxy

ix.S;h( frdayK úrisxy

ñksid yd fidndoyu w;Hka; f,i ne|S mj;S¡ th

wúfhdackSh neïuls¡ tksid u fidndoyfï wisrsh w;a

ú|skakg;a th l,d;aul f,i m%;sks¾udKh lrkakg;a

ukqIHfhda W;aiql fj;a¡ fidndoyfï rE rgd yd tys we;s

ishqï p,khka mjd .%yKh fldg f.k tajd l,d;aul f,i

m%;sks¾udKh lsrSu idys;H l,d wdosfhys ksr;=re j oelsh

yels h¡ Ñrka;k isxy, idys;Hh mqrd u ks¾udKlrejka yd

fidnd oyu w;r mej;s wfkHdkH <ne|shdj ms<sn| idlaIs

oelsh yels h¡ fidndoyu yd .efgñka th ch .ekSug fjr

ork hqfrda flakaøSh Ñka;k udos,shg fmrd;=j bkaÿ Wm

uyoaùmh mqrd me;sr mej;s Ñka;kh kï fidndoyu yd ffu;%S

mrjY j lghq;= lsÍu hs¡ fidndoyu ch .ekSu fjkqjg Bg

wkq.; j ta yd ñ;=re j fjfiñka tys we;s ke;la idr M,

Wlyd .ekSug lghq;= lsrSu Tjqkaf.a cSjk m%;smodj úh¡ ta

i|yd Tjqka fufyhjkq ,enQfha mßir ys;ldñ Ñka;k udos,sh

hs¡ ld¾ñllrKh yd OkjdoS f,dal m¾hdh úiska fidnd oyu

yd ñksid w;r jQ ta mEySu fkdmEySula njg fmr<k ,§¡ Bg

tfrys j úúO ck fldgia úúO wjia:dj, l< wr., o

fndfyda we;¡ W;=re weußldkq r;= bkaoshdkq f.da;%sl kdhl

isheg,a" fjdIskagkfha isák ckm;sjrhdg hejQ ixfoaYh

fidndoyu yd ñksid w;r we;s in|;dj b;du m%n, f,i

NdId.; jQ tjeks wjia:djls¡

fyf;u fufia ,shhs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

112 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 113

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

rd;%sfhys fmdf<da ;,h isys,a jqj jeõ osh isys,a jkqfha

l%u l%ufhks¡ ueoshu blau .sh miq jeõ osh isys,a j;a u ñka

r< osh fl<s oshnqx kj;d bisUq,hs¡ uiaglfhda osfhka f.dv

ú;a bjqfrys ys| .S .h;a¡ jeõ osfhys u| u| /,s kef.a¡ ߧs

;,djla fuka fm;,s jQ jeõ osh .eUfrys ;reu,a msmS os,sfihs¡

jeõ osh yd osÿ,k ;re u,a tlsfklska fj<S ne|S we;¡ tajd

fjka l< fkdfya¡ fm%aufhka iaks.aO jQ iqfmïjf;l= ish

fmïnrsh foi fy<kd kqrd le¨ï uqiq fokqjka fuka

;drldfjda nn<;a¡ ksi, osfhys ;re ms<sìUq ke<fjkhqre lúhd

ÿgq yeá fld;rï ukrï o@

fuksid u fï fmdf<dfjys isß wisß j¾Kkd;sl%dka;

h¡ lshd ksu l< fkd yels h¡ fuf,i fidnd ofuys kka

úis;=re tlsfkl ne|S tlsfkld yd ;r. jÈoa § ÿj isysfkka

iskdfihs¡ wE ksos foõ ,shka yd isysk f,dfjys oÕ lï fl<s

lï flfrñka .=<s ù ksohs¡ wehg fï fidnd isß fkd fmfka¡

tfy;a fï ish,a, wehf.a o Wreuh hs¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡.K l¿jrg wm fmï lf<d;a

br y| ;rej,g Kh .e;shs¡

f,dj ÿkakq foaj,a wo wmsg fyg

f,djg fmr<d osh hq;=hs¡

Tn fï f,djg wdofrhs kï

uq¿ f,dj u Tng;a wdofrhs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

rd;%sfha ljq¿ mshka m;a jid is;ska yd .;ska >K

w÷f¾ lsñfoñka /h myka jk ;=re wmg ksosh yels h¡ tfy;a

wm wjg f,dj wm fjkqfjka ;ekQ" uejQ fndfyda foa we;¡

fidnd oyï osks;sh tajd wm fj; wmuK fifkyiska ujd

we;¡ ta foi fkd n,d ta w;a fkd ú| isá;a kï wms tys Kh

lrefjda fjuq¡ fidnd ofuys ke;la fid÷re rE rgd wmf.a

b÷rka mskjhs¡ is; iudê.; lrhs¡ osú nfrys bisUq,kag biamdiq

;kd fohs¡ th w;a fkdú| w÷f¾ .s,S ksokakg o yels h¡ fï

fidnd wisß ú| .; is; ikyd .kakg o yels h¡ fï f,dj

wmg wmuK iïm;a idOd oS we;¡ th u;= mrmqr msKsi /l

>¾u l,dmSh rgl osú f.jk wmg odjf,ys iev ysre

/iska ñoS Wod jk rd;%sh .; isys,a lrjhs¡ is; mqnqohs¡ uo i|

/ia we;s /hl ueoshï /h miq jk ksi, fydardfõ wyia ;,h

;re úhkla fia osf,hs¡ u| u| msks fmdo m;r;a ;=re m;a

f,<jñka yuk u|k,;a .; isys,a lr is; iudêfhys

i;md,hs¡ b| ysg wfik ksid ieß úyÕ y~lska fyda

m<Õeáfhl=f.a fjK jehqulska yer ta OHdkh fkd ìf|hs¡

f,dj u ksok rd;%sfha ksid wisß isrsfhka Tl| jQ yoska msfhl=

ish oshKsh wu;hs¡ fï ksy~ iS; rd;%sfha weh wehf.a iqr;,a

ir, f,dfjys isysk foõ ,shka yd fl<sfof<ka fjfihs¡ ta

kskafoa;a fkdkskafoa;a .efgñka isysk f;dar f;dard ksok

fudfyd;hs¡ ksos hyfkka msìoS fodr ljq¿j,ska ñoS ksoyfia

wjg f,dalh kerUqjfyd;a fidnd oyfï ke;la ,shlï iqrelï

tys fkdksod il%Sh j wjosfhka isákq oelsh yels fõ¡ ta ish,a,

ukqIH meje;au Wfoid jQ uyd¾> jia;+ka fõ¡ fï ish,a, u

ksokafka jqj oshKshg o Wreu j mj;S¡ tfy;a weh ta neõ fkd

okS¡ weh iqjfia ksohs¡ ÿj ksok uq;a fidnd oyu ukrï fjia

f.k wjos j fjfihs¡ fodr ljq¿j,ska tmsg f,dalfhys

fndfyda pu;aldr ckl foa isÿ fõ¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fiamd,sld u,a ìug neye,d

weúoskak hk fj,djhs¡

ks,a ;dreld ìu n,df.k

jeõ oshg fmï ne|s fj,djhs¡

fï fmd<j fld;rï iqkaor o

uf. ÿ ;kshu yskd fjhs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

ueoshï /h kslau h;a u ie|Efjys úlis; jQ

fiamd,sldfjda mßK; j iqOd Oj, fia,fhka ieryS rla;

j¾K uq;a yr me<| ìug jä;a¡ ta yd iuÕ fiamd,sld u,ska

.sysKs uk n|kd iqj| /i wjg iqj|j;a lrñka me;sf¾¡ rka

jka je,s f;f,ys úisr hk fiamd,sldfjda uo iq<f.ys t,a,S

uqÿ fomd ;nd u| u| .ukska weúo h;s¡ ìu yqKq fiamd,sld

u,a lúhdf.a mkaysf|ka mK ,o wisß fld;rï kï ukrï o@

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

114 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 115

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fkd jQ l,ays .; is; ksr;=re fõokd f.k foa¡ fï .S;h

úiska iïmdos; ish¨ f,djg fmï lsÍfï lreKd iS;, i;a

.=Kh ñksia osúh wre;anr fldg mqnqÿjd,ñka Tijd ;eîfï

YlH;dfjka fmdfydi;a fõ¡ ta iqNdú; yeÕ=u uq¿ f,dj

irihs¡

ie¡hq(

fï .S; úpdrh o udkjjd§ t<Uqula .kS¡ fuh 2013¡05¡04

od;ñka nQkaÈ fjí wvúfha m< úh¡

.kakjd fia u jvd fmdaIKh lsÍu o l< hq;= h¡ .y fld<

i;d isõmdjd u;= fkdj foõ nUqka yd ñksiqkaf.ka hq;= fï

rE wrE f,dal Od;=jg u wm wdorh lrhs kï ta f,dj o wmg

fmr<d wdorh u fohs¡ wm f,djg fok foa f,dalh fmr<d

wmg o fokq we; hkak merKs Ñk iqNdIs;hls¡ th fï .S;fha

idrh fldg mj;S¡ wjika mo lsysmh m%pdrljd§ uqyqKqjrla

.;a; o msfhl= ÿjlg fok Tjokla f,i .;a l,ayS th

m%pdrljd§ núka .s,syS msh fifkyfiys ishqï ksfïIhla

igyka lrhs¡

¥jre fndfyda fihska mshjreKg fmï jv;a¡

mshjrekaf.a fkd u| wdor i;aldrhg ,la jkqfjda o ¥ jre h¡

fuys rplhd jq r;ak YS% úfÊisxyfhda o fo ¥jrekag ue msh je

fjfi;a¡ fï wduka;%Kh ÿjKshla úIfhys ùu tys ,d iEu

whqrlska u fhfoa¡

mo rpkdj iajr j¾K ixfhdackfhka <.kakd oDYH

rEmhla njg m;a lsrSug frdayK úrisxyfhda m%h;ak ord we;¡

ngysr yd fmros. ix.S; NdKav lsysmhl wdOdrfhka ixlS¾K

j¾K ixfhdackhla lsrSug h;ak ord ;sfí¡ jiao~qfõ ukaø

;dkh;a jh,Skfha /<s kef.k ksxkdoh;a uqiq fldg we;¡

v%ïia yhsyeÜ yd ;í,dfõ ;d, ßoau tlsfkl yd ;r. joS¡

bf,lafg%dksl ´.kfha iSudfjka Tíng f.dia fï mo ud,dfõ

uqiqj we;s ye.Sï iuqodh ix.S;fhka m%;s ks¾udKh lsÍug

ix.S; wOHlaIjrhd W;aidy ord ke;¡ fï f.ah mo ud,dfõ

wre;a Ndrh yd yeÕ=ï iuqodh iajr m%ia;drfha moku jQjd kï

jvd id¾:l ix.S; ks¾udKhla ìys jkakg bv ;snqKs¡

fidndoyfï isß wisß iajr ixl,kfhka úoydmEfï iqrelï

we;s ,eis ñheisfhl= w; fuu mo je, m;a jqKs kï wmg

wefikakg kshñ; j ;snQ èjks ießh wysñ j .sfha foda fydahs

ixld WmoS¡ osjq,a.fkaf.a yf~ys we;s ;;a yd ;d, wìnjd

hdfï T!od¾h .=Kh úrisxyfhda .S;h ;=< ykd jkd kud

ksuùfuys oialï md we;¡

wm wjg f,dalh wmg Wreu jQ iïm;la f,i f.k ta

yd iyjdiS j Ôj;a ùu is;g yd .;g iyk idod fohs¡ tfia

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

116 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 117

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

zzweo br

weo bfrka

lemq ckhska fj;

rka uqjd wism;

idofrka

ms<s.ekajQ j.hs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

lúhd l;srh .eiQ nj fkd lshhs¡ weo br weo bfrka

lemQ hkqfjka fï l;srfha Wm;skau we;s weoh èjks; lrhs¡

fï wism; oS we;af;a l=ulgo@

zz¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡l.m;ska is|.kak

YS¾Ih ke;s fyhska

weK.kqj" weK.kqj

isfhd,Õg

miajkla m%S;sfhka¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

ysila ke;s fyhska th is| .ekSula wjeis ke;¡ ta;a

lvqj r;%x h¡ rka lvqfjka weKf.k u<;a iem fkd fõ o@

n,hg tk md,l lKavdhï Pkaoodhlhkag Wfoa yjd udOH

msysg fldg mqokafka rka lvq fkd fõ o@ fï joka je, fm<

.ik whqre fld;rï wmQre o@

Tyqf.a zzu,a ZZ kue;s lúh o b;d ne;ska Wofha mqok

u,a mrù lsisÿ .re irejla ke;s j iji l=Kq l+vhg jefgk

whqre l,d;aul j m%ldYhg m;a lrhs¡ th wm .;lrk ;r.ldÍ

ñksia osúfha ksiÕ ysia nj ms<sn| ke;la is;=ú,s wjÈ flrefuys

fmdfydakd .=Kfhka fmdaIs; h¡

zzm%j¾OkhZZ kue;s lú mka;sh b;d fyd| iuld,Sk

wkqN+;shla uq;a th lúhl ;sìh hq;= mrsiudma;shg meñK

ke;ehs yefÕa¡ th M,odhs;d m%j¾Okh i|yd f,dlalkaf.a

m%Odk;ajfhka fmdâvkaf.a iyNd.S;ajfhka úúO wdh;kj,

lrk fndre uqo,a kdia;sh flakaø fldg .;a lghq;a;l we;=<;

yrh msg;g f.k ths¡

zzf,dlald f.a mudfjka

<;efjk

Wm .%ka:h - III

j;auka iudc l=Kmhg tfrys j l=udr lUqremsáh

f.dkq l<

—mUhdf.a idlalsh˜

j;auka ,dxflah iudch" idys;H l,d wd|sh .ek

t;rï wjÈhlska miq fkd jkafkah hkak ks;r wefik

ueisú,a,ls¡ tfy;a fldfoõfõ ;rug tys flfrk l,d lghq;=

m%udKh l=vd hehs wj m%udKh lsrSu o fkd fydî¡ iEu jirl

u m<jk kjl:d" flál:d" lúfmd;a yd Ydia;%Sh .%ka:

m%udKh o< jYfhka ishh blaujhs' uy;a m%ldYlhka f.dkakla

o wo jk úg ,dxflah .;a ihqr u:kh lrñka fjfi;s'

tfuka u kj fiú mrmqrla o ysi Tijñka we;s j. fmfkhs¡

Bg losu ksoiqkla miq.sh jif¾ m< j we;s ÿisula ;rï jQ lú

fmd;a f.dkak w;ßka fidhd.ekSug yelsúh¡ tkï " mUhdf.a

idlalsh" kue;s l=udr lUqremsáhf.a lú fmd; hs¡ m%isoaO

lúhka jQ tßla b,hmamdrÉÑ" kkaok ùrisxy" ;sôßhd.u

nKavdr" huqkd ud,kS" uxcq, fjäj¾Ok" wñ, f;akqjr wdoSka

o miq.sh jif¾ lúfmd;a m< fldg we;' tajdfhys o fyd|

ks¾udK oelsh yels h' ta ish,a,ka wmg f.dkq l< yelafla

m%ùkhkaf.a f.dkakg h¡ tfy;a wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq jQfha

olaI kjlhka flfrys h¡ by; lS m%ùKhka w;r mjd

"mUhdf.a idlalsh " kï lúl<U myka geUla f,i iqosf,kq

oelsh yels úh¡ ta Tyqf.a ks¾udK wmQ¾j;ajfhka hq;= jQ fyhsks¡

tla mfilska iuld,Sk ú[a[dKfhka fmdaIs; jQ nj o ni

yeisr ùfï § Tyq fhdod.kakd èjksh o we;eï ;ekays we;s

ßoauh o mdGl is;a weo ne| .kS¡ tajd j;auka ck lú f,i

ye¢kajqj o lï ke;¡

zzrka uqjd wism;zzrka uqjd wism;

zzrka uqjd wism;zzrka uqjd wism;

zzrka uqjd wism;

ZZ kue;s lú mka;sfha uq,a mo fm<

fun÷ h¡

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

118 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 119

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fu.diagd ux.,af,g

whdf,a .sh yrla rxpq

uy ojdf,a l=Uqrg mek

wd, md¨ lr, oeïu

u,ajr jqKq nKaä f.dhu¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

zz¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡yrshg

Wka wiaioao, jdf.hs

uv kdf.k fõ,s ì|sk

W!frd;a tlal, mEyqKq

lef,a ysáh fydr we,s /<

y|mdfka hld kegqj

oelald fï weia foflkau

ug mq¨jke TÜgq fjkak

uu mUhfk

Th Tgqkak ìñka ;sh,

oekaj;a ykslg weúoska

.ymx ovq jegla udfu

tfll=gj;a

mkskak kï ners ú|syg¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

zziqÿ fros fydreZZ hk lú mka;sh iDcq oDIaájdo l:khla

njg m;aj we; o tys wkqN+;ssh <.kakd fõ¡

zzosfhka u;= ù msmqk

fk¿ï fia msú;=reh

uqf,a uv f.dfydrej

lsisfjl=g fkdfmfkah

froafo uv bfyk úg

wmq,a,kafkda o we;

ÿ.| ulkd iqj|

ÿï .ikafkda o we;¡ZZ

zzfros lfâ mUhdZZ lú mka;sh ish¨ ixialD;sl W;aij

uqo,d,s,df.a w,af,a kegfjk úg mUhd o ta ta ld,j,g

iajrEmh fjkia fldg .kakd whqre ishqï Wmydihla kxjñka

m%ldYhg m;a lrhss¡

l=l=<d myk <Õ

wEkqï wÍ chgu

ld, l<ukdlrKh¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

fmd,af;,a myk oe,aùug ;j u f,dlald meñK ke;¡

ish¨ fokdg tmd ù we;¡ jev wefrk ;=re fldaÉÑhg ÿjkakg

n,d isák ñia,d iy i¾,d wEkqï wßñka ue,s lvñka ys|s;s¡

wEkqï wßkafka ñksiaiq fkdj ld, l<ukdlrKhhs¡ "w¿ "

kue;s lú mka;sh o wmQ¾j wkqN+;sshl mßiudma;sfha wi,g u

meñK kej;=K lúhls¡ tfy;a ta wkqN+;ssfha we;s m%n, nj

bka uelS fkd hhs¡

zzfmÜáfhka meñK

uqÜáhl h;s

Wvql=rej ihkh fldg

fuys meñKs ish¿ fokd

yevfhkao

meyefhkao

nßkao

lsis;a fjkila ke;s¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ w¿ jQ miq Okj;df.a;a

keKj;df.a;a ÿ.shdf.a;a w¿ iu fõ¡ fjkila ke;¡ ta

udkjjdoS yeÕSu lúhd b;d ir, whqßka ,shd ouhs¡

zzmUhdf.a idlalshZZ kï lú fmf<ys we;s èjksh fo

oyia mkaish jirl ixialD;sl Wreuh ,dxlsl m%cdj úiska

fu.diagd¾j,g ì,s oS jekfik whqre úÿ,s ierla fihska

nig kÕhs¡

zzmrïmrd ish .Kkla

;=ka fõ,u n; yß l<

hdfh ;snqK fyd|u l=Uqr

yßhg lsß jÈk ojfi

ud ysgjd,d fj, ueo

tfyka fufyka uv fidaoka

kqU;a .shd yks ykslg

fyd|u f.dú rcd f;dark

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

120 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 121

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

;re leg uqj mq;=ka

.eys .eys yqiau fy,hs

k<shk uia jeo,s

WKq f,a ryg fyd|hs

.skafka m,y .;a úg

uOq ú;g chhs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

uqj /< u urd uiafldg m<yñka lk m%N+ mq;a;= wfkla

is,a mo o hyñka ì| ou;s¡

zzr;a fjk isfhd<Õg

wmair <÷ka <Õhs

lKjekaÿï hqla;sh

ÿla iqiqï fy,hs

fYaI jQ jkia m;s <Õ

rela foú y~d jefghs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

uqj /f<a b;sß jQ lKjekaÿï jQ uqjd fï wjKvqj ldg

lshkak o@ t<dr rcq rg md,kh l< wjêh ù kï

idOdrK;ajfha >KaGdjj;a y~jkakg ;sìK¡ foúhkag o

oeka hfkk uka ke;s j f.disks¡ Tjqkaf.a osjH úuka lmd ìu

fy<d fudrgqjg mgjd we;¡ jkh Ndr weue;af;da u Bg

kdhl;ajh fo;s¡ b;sß jQ rela lsysmfhys foúfhda o irKd.;

j f.disks¡

zz.%eyeïfn,agZZ kue;s lú fm< ÿrl:k ;dlaIKh

ÿr.sh ;ru ukd j úYo lrhs¡

zz¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡yf,da .%eyeïfn,a

ys;=fj kE fkao@

jhßka lr, jf.a

lka foflau jh¾ .yf.k

;kshu l;d lrk

msiafid /<la

ìysfjhs lsh,¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

fï tys fma<s lsysmhls¡ fi,shq,¾ ÿrl:kfha il, úO iudc

ÿ¾ Ndú;hka Tyqf.a fï lúh u; igyka j we;¡

zzfia,a <sf|ka fidaod oe,s ms<s chg

´ka jika;h weúoska Tuß fldg

fí%la fkdue;s fldydf. wjqreÿ lgg

;dka we֕ wkaohs tl msg tlg ZZ

zzuy fidfydka fm%auhZZ .Ksldjka iy md;d,h tla

j k.rdY%s; j lrkd uxfld,a,lEïj, iajNdjh Bg WÑ;

whqßka m%ldYhg m;a lrhs¡

zzmsmdis; ukq i;=ka

fkd,en osh ì| m<sÕ=ú,lska

;sfhk uv j<lska

fndkak ierfi;s mji ksjñka¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

tf,i uv j<j,aj, ysi Tnd mji ksjd .kakg hk

jqKaf.a ish¨ oE uxfld,a, lEug ,lajk whqre lúhd èjks;

lrhs¡

zzlsksysrs u,aZZkue;s lú mka;sh lïu,alrejdf.a iudc

h:d¾:h ;;a mßos lúhg kÕhs¡ wm iudch cd;s" l=," wdÕï"

wdoS il, úO w.;Skaf.ka mßfmdaIs; jQjls¡ flf;la iÕjd

lSj o th tfia u mj;S¡ th ish¨ u iudc ixia:d ;=< oelsh

yels h¡ lïu,alrejdf.ka fldmuK jev .;a; o ysr fokakg

l;d lf<d;a jev jrosk whqre fufia h¡

zzlefmk ;rï fyd| uqjy; fydhd tk

uy;=ka fkd t;s ysr .kq fokq m;d f.k

infhos lmhs kq,g l=, wE|f.k

jdfka jf.hs ys; oeka .skaor u lk¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

zzndnlshq rd;%shZZ ,xld iudcfha iq,n j wikakg

olskakg ,efnk isoaêhl lDDr;r jQ wNHka;rhg wm

le|jdf.k hhs¡ rc isgq mq;a;= rd;%shg m%dfvdaj,ska .sks wú

mqfrda.k ovhug jk jos;s¡

zzi|g fjä ;nd

lsß ì÷ oi; .,hs

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

122 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 123

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

;ks w;ska

jla msysh uqj;a lr

n, fldgqj /lmq j.¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

;snqKSh igykla

weoj .sh wl=ßka

<uhskaf.a ;d;a;d

ñh .sh oji¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

zzmsg fldgqfõ fndaêh <Õ isg ,shñZZ wmQ¾j ks¾udKhls¡

O¾u foaYkdjla o" f,d;/hs úl=Kk y~ o" fros úl=Kk y~

o" fmd,sia ks,Odrsfhla jdyk yiqrejk y~ o" ;%Sú,a mdla

jdiSka rxvq jk y~ o" ysÕk y~ o" u.Ska ßhÿrkag nksk y~

o wefia¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

zz uy;a;h ug lShla yß mskg fokak

y;r jßf.u ksjka olskjd

;uqfig msiaiqo ´hs

fï yosiaisfha udj ksjka olalkak yokafk¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

ihsâ" ihsâ" ihsâ

;j äxf.ka wefÕa yemafmkjd lr;af;

uy;a;hd fïl f.or idf, fkfjhs

msg fldgqj" msg fldgqj

msxj;=ks m%udo fj,d ksjkg hk .uk

l,a od.kak tmd

ljqo okafk ffu;%S nqÿyduqÿrejkaf.a ldf,

yrflla fj,d bmfoaú o lsh,¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

wkqN+;shla f;dard .ekSfï oS iuld,Sk iudch iuÕ

w;Hka;fhka nef|k lúhd th m%ldYhg m;a lsrSfï oS nfiys

we;s jHxckd .=Kh Wmßu f,i Ndú;hg .kS¡ zzkej; bmoSuZZ

kue;s lú fm< ,xldfõ fi!LH fiajfha idudkH iajNdjh

jQ udkj ohdfjka f;dr Ndú;h yd ta ke;s ohdj m;a;rj,g

fmkaùfï l=yl lu ukdj fmkajhs¡ fï lúhg ksñ;a; ù

we;af;a Wmka ú.i uy uÕ oud .sh ì<sf|la fyoshka w;

ke<fjk PdhdrEmhla mqj;am;l m< ù ;sîuh¡

o, mqvq fiai;" j,an,a,df.ka rg n,a,dg" iekiSu"

lúhdf.a kjl joh" l+G jdKsc iud.u" mskakj, w,s" W,ud"

úfYaI l,dmh" mndj;S" wNskslauk" mrïmrdj," r;a ms;a ySk"

wms Tlafldu ry;afj,d" mõ ldrhdg .,a .eiSu" w;a;k weg

hk lú mka;s iuld,Sk iudc foaYmd,kfhys we;s wm%sh

ckl ñksia Ndú;hka ke;la .¾ydjg ,lalr we;¡

zzl=,S fmdrejZZ kï lú mka;sh iuia; újdy ixialD;sh

u tl ñgg f.k lshqjla n÷ h¡ zzWÿïnrdZZ kue;s lú mka;sh

yd zzl=,S fmdarejZZ tlg f.k lshúh hq;= h hs isf;a¡ l=,S

fmdrefõ rÕ fumrsos h¡

zzwIagl wy,du

l=iS;hs br y|

fmd,a u,a Tn,du

WrKh mqkal<i

ly oshr Wrdf.k

mqia n|shs ,E,s hg

ySka fl|sßh k.hs

kel; ,x fjk úgu

Tlafldau l=¿÷f,a

fmdarej¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

n÷ lfâ ZZ

jdKsclrKh jQ pdß;%j, we;s ysia nj úYo h¡ ish

wkqN+;sh wmQ¾j f,i nig keÕSug rplhdg we;s iu;a nj

fuys o fmfkhs¡ zzwïudf.a osk fmd;ZZ kï lúh ish ieñhdf.a

fkd mk;alï lsisjla fkd ,shd orejka rlskakg l< ùßh

muKla ,shjqK osk fmd;l jreKls¡

zzmsg fmd;a; lmd f.k

rn¾ .i ÿka l÷¿

ì|la j;a fkd bysrjd

/l f.k wdmq j.

i,a,d, uo mjk

fï>hla jQ oskh

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk

124 iuld,Sk idys;H úpdr isoaOdka; -1 125

Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof Godage - 4 / Sinahal Book/ 17072 - samakalina sahitya vichara sidiya - 2015.5.6/ 2nd proof

fï ish,a, foaYmd,k wd¾:slh fkdfyd;a udlaia lshq zzwfOda

jHqyhZZkue;s mßuKav,hg wh;a ixrpl fõ¡ tajdfha uqiq ùu

fl;rï úldr rEmS o@ fïys we;s Wmydih ldg jqj jegfya¡

tfy;a fï ks¾udKh ld,hg Tfrd;a;= fok .=Kfhka hqla;

ke; hk fpdaokdjg ,la ùfï wjodku mj;S¡

l=udrf.a mUhdf.a idlalsh lD;sh iuld,Sk

úx{dkfhka hq;= úÿ,s fldgk nia jyrlska fmdaIs;" nfiys

jHxckd .=Kh Wmß u f,i Ndú;hg .;a ÿ,n m%;sNdjla

úYo lrk lú fmd;ls¡ lúhd úo.aO ldjH iïm%odh ms<sn|

yd ldjH Ydia;% ms<sn| úi,a oekqulska fyìfhl= fkd jk

j. fmfkhs¡ th u Tyqf.a ye.=ï" ni ri fldg f.k lúhg

kef.kakg fya;= jQjd hhs isf;a¡ mUhdf.a idlalsh iuld,Sk

iudc Ndú;hkays Tvqÿjd we;s ÿ¾Ndú;hkag tfrys j uyck

wêlrKfhys mjrK yDo idlaIsfha kvqj Tmamq lsrSug ;rï

m%udKj;a jQjle hs lsj hq;= h¡ fuys i|yka jeroslrejka

ish,af,da ish yDo idCIsh kue;s wêlrKfhys o~qjï ,n;ajd¡

ie¡hq¡

l=udr lUqremsáh f.dvf.a idys;H iïudk Wf<f,a §

iïudkhg md;% ùug fmr Tyqf.a lD;sh ms<sn| ud úiska

rpkd l< fï úpdrh iïudk Wf<,g miq j nQkaÈ fjí

wvúfha 2013 wfm%a,a 21 od;ñka m< úK¡ n,kak http://

www .boondi.lk/article.php fjí msgqj¡

zzryiska j;a jrfoa fkdne|S

cqì,sh;a iurk

iqcd; orejkau jeÿ

W;a;u l=, m;a;sks le,

ri lr lr lshQ fm,m;

wjcd;l kï mg ne|

kqUg fmkqfk keoao umq;

l,,fhkau lemQ fmlksh

jeoaod fkdf.k idhkhg

fodÜg odmq úkakUq le,

fmdr lkjd foda;g f.k

m;a;f¾g uQk fokak¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

fï h:d¾:h orejka m%iQ;sh i|yd ,xldfõ rcfha

frday,aj,g f.dia we;s ishÆ u ldka;djka w;a ú| we;¡

lúhd lshkjdg;a jvd fï wldreKsl wukqIH iajNdjh .eUqre

yd l=ßre njla u Wiq,k nj wms ljqre;a oksuq¡

zzwxf.dv <uhdf.a jdlH rpkdjZZ kue;s lú mka;sh

,xldfõ foaYmd,k l;sldj fld;rï úlD;s tlla o hkak

úYo lrhs¡

zzÑka;k

pqhska.ï

nq,;aúg

fíia,Ü

wdYap¾hh

ÿgq .euqKq

mrdl%undyq

wdpd¾h

wnd

mnd

fu.d

lsrsmsá

yd,a¡¡¡¡¡ZZ

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.

• John D. Rogers
• Nihal Perera

Introduction * European Expansion: The Construction Of Ceylon A New Perception of the World: Portuguese Organization of the Indian Ocean Space and Colombo A System of States and Empires: The British Conquest of Kandy and the Construction of Ceylon A Single World Economy and Eurocentric Culture: The Integration of Ceylon into European Economic and Cultural Systems * Decolonizing Ceylon: Sri Lankan Reactions To Colonialism And Capitalism Indigenizing Colonial Space: Ceylonese Adaptations to the Colonial System Nationalizing Ceylon: Nationalist-Socialist Transformations of Sri Lanka Beyond the Postcolonial: The Reorganization of Sri Lanka and the New World Regions in the 1980s Conclusions

Mythologies. translated from the French by Annette Lavers

• Roland Barthes

Barthes, Roland.,1991. Mythologies. translated from the French by Annette Lavers, New York: The Noonday Press.

Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity

• Gabriele Ebert

Ebert, Gabriele (2006), Ramana Maharshi: His Life, Lulu.com 13¡ Giddens, Anthony., 1998. Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

Enabling Identity? Biology, Choice and the New Reproductive Technologies

• Marilyn Strathern

Strathern, Marilyn.,1996. Enabling Identity? Biology, Choice and the New Reproductive Technologies. in Questions of Cultural Identity(ed:) Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, London,Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications.

ÿfõ Tn wjos fhka kï¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ .dhkh( lreKdr;a k os jq ,a .fka ¡ mo rpkh( r;njg fmr<k , §¡ Bg tfrys j úúO ck fldgia úúO wjia :dj, l< wr., o fndfyda we;, f,i NdId.; jQ tjeks wjia :djls ¡ fyf;u fufia ,s hhs ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ iuka tï' ldßhlrjk 112 iuld

• Wm

Wm.% ka :h-II uf. ÿfõ Tn wjos fhka kï¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ .dhkh( lreKdr;a k os jq,a.fka ¡ mo rpkh( r;njg fmr<k, §¡ Bg tfrys j úúO ck fldgia úúO wjia :dj, l< wr., o fndfyda we;, f,i NdId.; jQ tjeks wjia :djls ¡ fyf;u fufia,s hhs ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ iuka tï' ldßhlrjk 112 iuld,S k idys ;H úpdr is oa Odka ;-1

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323907653_1

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